ASTM F436-09
(Specification)Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers
Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for use with fasteners having nominal thread diameters of ¼ through 4 in. These washers are intended for general-purpose mechanical and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other internally and externally threaded fasteners. The types of washers covered here are: Type 1—washers made of carbon steel; and Type 3—washers made of weathering steel. Moreover, the styles of washers covered here are: circular washers, which are suitable for applications where sufficient space exists and angularity permits; beveled washers, which are square and rectangular with a beveled 1:6 surface for use with American Standard beams and channels; and clipped washers, which are circular or beveled for use where space limitations necessitate that one side be clipped. Steels to be used to manufacture the washers shall be produced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace process. Each type and style of washer shall be suitably sampled, and should conform to specified values of chemical composition, Rockwell hardness, inside and outside diameter, thickness, and clipped width.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for use with fasteners having nominal thread diameters of ¼ through 4 in. These washers are intended for general-purpose mechanical and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other internally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers are suitable for use with fasteners covered in Specifications A 325, A 354, A 449, and A 490.
1.2 The washers are designated by type denoting the material and by style denoting the shape.
1.2.1 The types of washers covered are:
1.2.1.1 Type 1—Carbon steel.
1.2.1.2 Type 3—Weathering steel. Atmospheric corrosion resistance and weathering characteristics are comparable to that of steels covered in Specifications A 588/A 588M and A 709/A 709M. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of these steels is substantially better than that of carbon steel with or without copper addition. See 5.1. When properly exposed to the atmosphere, these steels can be used bare (uncoated) for many applications.
1.2.2 The styles of washers covered are:
1.2.2.1 Circular—Circular washers in nominal bolt sizes ¼ through 4 in. suitable for applications where sufficient space exists and angularity permits.
1.2.2.2 Beveled—Beveled washers are square or rectangular, in nominal sizes ½ through 1½ in., with a beveled 1 to 6 ratio surface for use with American standard beams and channels.
1.2.2.3 Clipped—Clipped washers are circular or beveled for use where space limitations necessitate that one side be clipped.
1.2.2.4 Extra Thick—Extra thick washers are circular washers in nominal sizes ½through 1½ in., with a nominal thickness of 5/16 in. suitable for structural applications with oversized holes.
1.3 Terms used in this specification are defined in Terminology F 1789 unless otherwise defined herein.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1—A complete metric companion to Specification F 436 has been developed—Specification F 436M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F436 – 09
Standard Specification for
1
Hardened Steel Washers
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF436;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and
standard.
dimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for use
1
with fasteners having nominal thread diameters of ⁄4 through
NOTE 1—Acomplete metric companion to Specification F436 has been
4 in. These washers are intended for general-purpose mechani- developed—Specification F1136; therefore no metric equivalents are
presented in this specification.
cal and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other
internally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers are
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
suitable for use with fasteners covered in SpecificationsA325,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
A354, A449, and A490.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 The washers are designated by type denoting the mate-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
rial and by style denoting the shape.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2.1 The types of washers covered are:
2. Referenced Documents
1.2.1.1 Type 1—Carbon steel.
2
1.2.1.2 Type 3—Weathering steel. Atmospheric corrosion
2.1 ASTM Standards:
resistance and weathering characteristics are comparable to
A325 SpecificationforStructuralBolts,Steel,HeatTreated,
that of steels covered in Specifications A588/A588M and
120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
A709/A709M. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of these
A354 Specification for Quenched andTemperedAlloy Steel
steels is substantially better than that of carbon steel with or
Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
without copper addition. See 5.1. When properly exposed to
A449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs,
the atmosphere, these steels can be used bare (uncoated) for
Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile
many applications.
Strength, General Use
1.2.2 The styles of washers covered are:
A490 Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat
1
1.2.2.1 Circular—Circular washers in nominal bolt sizes ⁄4
Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
through 4 in. suitable for applications where sufficient space
A588/A588M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
exists and angularity permits.
Structural Steel, up to 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield
1.2.2.2 Beveled—Beveled washers are square or rectangu-
Point, with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
1 1
lar, in nominal sizes ⁄2 through 1 ⁄2 in., with a beveled 1 to 6
A709/A709M Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges
ratio surface for use with American standard beams and
A751 Test Methods, Practices, andTerminology for Chemi-
channels.
cal Analysis of Steel Products
1.2.2.3 Clipped—Clipped washers are circular or beveled
B695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-
for use where space limitations necessitate that one side be
posited on Iron and Steel
clipped.
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
1.2.2.4 Extra Thick—Extra thick washers are circular wash-
F436M Specification for Hardened Steel Washers (Metric)
1 1
ers in nominal sizes ⁄2 through 1 ⁄2 in., with a nominal
F606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-
5
thickness of ⁄16 in. suitable for structural applications with
erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
oversized holes.
Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
1.3 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-
F1136 Specification for Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protec-
nology F1789 unless otherwise defined herein.
tive Coatings for Fasteners
F1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,
2
Nuts, Rivets and Washers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published January 2009. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F436 – 07a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F0436-09. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:F436–07a Designation: F 436 – 09
Standard Specification for
1
Hardened Steel Washers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 436; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for use with
1
fasteners having nominal thread diameters of ⁄4 through 4 in. These washers are intended for general-purpose mechanical and
structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other internally and externally threaded fasteners.These washers are suitable for use with
fasteners covered in Specifications A 325, A 354, A 449, and A 490.
1.2 The washers are designated by type denoting the material and by style denoting the shape.
1.2.1 The types of washers covered are:
1.2.1.1 Type 1—Carbon steel.
1.2.1.2 Type 3—Weathering steel. Atmospheric corrosion resistance and weathering characteristics are comparable to that of
steels covered in Specifications A 588/A 588M and A 709/A 709M. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of these steels is
substantially better than that of carbon steel with or without copper addition. See 5.1. When properly exposed to the atmosphere,
these steels can be used bare (uncoated) for many applications.
1.2.2 The styles of washers covered are:
1
1.2.2.1 Circular—Circular washers in nominal bolt sizes ⁄4 through 4 in. suitable for applications where sufficient space exists
and angularity permits.
1 1
1.2.2.2 Beveled—Beveled washers are square or rectangular, in nominal sizes ⁄2 through 1 ⁄2 in., with a beveled 1 to 6 ratio
surface for use with American standard beams and channels.
1.2.2.3 Clipped—Clipped washers are circular or beveled for use where space limitations necessitate that one side be clipped.
Note1—A complete metric companion to Specification F436 has been developed—Specification F436M; therefore no metric
equivalents are presented in this specification.
1 1
1.2.2.4 Extra Thick—Extra thick washers are circular washers in nominal sizes ⁄2 through 1 ⁄2 in., with a nominal thickness of
5
⁄16 in. suitable for structural applications with oversized holes.
1.3 Terms used in this specification are defined in Terminology F 1789 unless otherwise defined herein.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
NOTE 1—A complete metric companion to Specification F 436 has been developed—Specification F 436M; therefore no metric equivalents are
presented in this specification.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
A 354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
A 449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength,
General Use
A 490 Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
A 588/A 588M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel, up to 50 ksi [345 MPa] MinimumYield Point, with
Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts, Nuts, Rivets
and Washers.
Current edition approved Dec.Jan. 1, 2007.2009. Published January 2008.2009. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F 436 – 07a.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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F436–09
A 709/A
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