ASTM F1358-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Effects of Flame Impingement on Materials Used in Protective Clothing Not Designated Primarily for Flame Resistance
Standard Test Method for Effects of Flame Impingement on Materials Used in Protective Clothing Not Designated Primarily for Flame Resistance
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes a small-scale laboratory screening procedure for comparing the ignition resistance and burning characteristics of materials used in protective clothing where flame resistance is not the primary form of protection provided by the clothing.
1.1.1 It is more appropriate to evaluate materials used in applications where flame resistance is the primary form of protection provided by the clothing by other flammability test methods. This test method shall not be used to evaluate materials where flame resistance is the primary form of protection offered by the protective clothing.
1.1.2 This test method provides a means for comparing ease of ignition and burning behavior of materials which include plastic or elastomeric films, coated fabrics, flexible laminates, multilayer-material systems, or other protective clothing materials that are not designated for offering flame resistance as their primary form of protection.
1.2 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units or other units shall be regarded separately. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently, without combining values.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:F1358–00
Standard Test Method for
Effects of Flame Impingement on Materials Used in
Protective Clothing Not Designated Primarily for Flame
Resistance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1358; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method establishes a small-scale laboratory 2.1 ASTM Standards:
screening procedure for comparing the ignition resistance and D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
burning characteristics of materials used in protective clothing D 4391 Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of
where flame resistance is not the primary form of protection Textiles
provided by the clothing. D 4723 Index of and Descriptions of Textile Heat and
1.1.1 It is more appropriate to evaluate materials used in Flammability Test Methods and Performance Specifica-
applications where flame resistance is the primary form of tions
protection provided by the clothing by other flammability test D 6413 Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles(Ver-
methods. This test method shall not be used to evaluate tical Test)
materials where flame resistance is the primary form of F 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
protection offered by the protective clothing.
3. Terminology
1.1.2 This test method provides a means for comparing ease
of ignition and burning behavior of materials which include 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
method, related to the combustion of textiles, refer to the
plastic or elastomeric films, coated fabrics, flexible laminates,
multilayer-material systems, or other protective clothing mate- terminology contained in Terminology F 4391. For definitions
of terms used in this test method, related to protective clothing,
rials that are not designated for offering flame resistance as
their primary form of protection. refer to the terminology contained in Terminology F 1494. For
1.2 This standard measures and describes the response of definitions of terms used in this test method, related to textile
issues, refer to the terminology contained in Terminology
materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all D 123.
3.2 afterflame,n—persistent flaming of a material after the
factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. ignition source has been removed.
3.3 after-flame time, n—the length of time for which a
1.3 The values stated in SI units or other units shall be
regarded separately. The values stated in each system may not material continues to flame after the ignition source has been
removed.
be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used
independently, without combining values. 3.4 afterglow, n—a glow in a material after the removal of
an external ignition source or after the cessation (natural or
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the induced) of flaming of the material (see also glow).
3.5 anisotropic, adj—having different values for a specific
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- property in different directions.
3.5.1 Discussion—When this test method is used to evalu-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ate textile-based materials, this term refers to warp (wale) and
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on
Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.80 on
Flame and Thermal. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2000. Published December 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
published as F 1358 - 95. Last previous edition F 1358 - 95. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1358–00
filling (course) directions. When this test method is used for 3.16.1 Discussion—In evaluating the effects of flame im-
nonwoven materials, this term refers to machine and cross- pingement of material used in protective clothing, ignition is
machine directions. determined by the presence of after-flame after the removal of
the burner flame.
3.6 burning behavior, n—all the changes that take place
3.17 melting, n—in testing thermal protective clothing,a
when materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition
response to heat by a material resulting in evidence of flowing
source.
or dripping.
3.7 burn distance, n—the measurement from the bottom
3.17.1 Discussion—In evaluating the effects of flame im-
edge of the specimen to the farthest point that shows evidence
pingement of materials used in protective clothing, melting
of damage due to combustion.
may occur at surface layers or in combination with the
3.7.1 Discussion—In evaluating the effects of flame im-
substrate fabric(s) or other polymer layers. Melting may be
pingement of materials used in protective clothing, this mea-
observed for protective clothing materials which involve a
surement applies to the folded material specimen when pressed
polymer coating or laminate combined with a normally flame-
flat and includes all areas partially burned, charred, embrittled,
resistant fabric or substrate.
or melted, but not including areas sooted, stained, distorted, or
3.18 protective clothing, n—a product which is specifically
discolored. Damage due to mechanical delamination or split-
designed and constructed for the intended purpose of isolating
ting of the specimen is not included in the burn distance unless
parts of the body from a potential hazard; or as a barrier to
the delaminated or split area includes damage due to combus-
prevent the body from being a source of contamination.
tion.
3.18.1 Discussion—In this test method the potential hazard
3.8 charring, n—the formation of carbonaceous residue as
is flame impingement on protective clothing where flame
the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
resistance is not the primary form of protection offered by that
3.9 combustion, n—a chemical process of oxidation that
clothing.
occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light
3.19 shrinkage, n—a decrease in one or more dimensions of
either as glow or flames.
an object or material.
3.10 dripping, n—in testing thermal protective clothing, a
3.19.1 Discussion—In evaluating the effects of flame im-
material response as evidenced by flowing of the polymer.
pingement, these changes in dimension are caused by heat
3.10.1 Discussion—In evaluating the effects of flame im-
from the flame source.
pingement of materials used in protective clothing, dripping
may be the formation of liquid droplets from melted surface or 4. Summary of Test Method
substrate material during flame impingement.
4.1 A conditioned specimen of a protective clothing mate-
3.11 embrittlement, n—the formation of a brittle residue as
rial is folded in half and placed in a sample holder with the
the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
folded edge suspended over a gas flame.
3.12 flame, n—as related to ignition of textiles, a controlled 4.2 The specimen is exposed to the flame for a 3-s interval.
hot luminous zone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or 4.2.1 If the material ignites during this exposure, the after-
both, of constant size and shape that is undergoing combustion flame time, afterglow time, and burn distance of the specimen
as evidenced by a low-intensity heat source of less than 1 kW, are measured and reported. Any observations of burning
such as a candle flame or match flame. behavior are also reported. The test is then terminated.
4.3 Ifthematerialdoesnotigniteafterthefirstexposure,the
3.12.1 Discussion—Examples are flames from a match,
same specimen is exposed to the flame for a 12-s interval. The
candle, or bunsen burner. The burner flame in this test method
after-flame time, afterglow time, and burn distance of the
produces relatively low heat flux and should be constant in size
specimen are measured and reported. Any observations of
and shape.
burning behavior are also reported.
3.13 flame impingement, n—direct contact between a flame
4.4 An alternative procedure is provided for conducting the
and a material.
12–s exposure only.
3.13.1 Discussion—In testing flame impingement of mate-
rials used in protective clothing, the flame is of a specified type
5. Significance and Use
and duration.
5.1 This test method is intended to determine the ignition
3.14 flammability, n—those characteristics of a material that
resistance and burning characteristics of materials used in
pertain to its ignition and support of combustion.
protective clothing, where flame resistance is not the primary
3.14.1 Discussion—In evaluating the effects of flame im-
form of protection designated.
pingement of materials used in protective clothing, flammabil-
5.1.1 Flame resistance is a distinctive property of clothing
ity is based on the relative number of specimens which ignite
items designated for isolating parts of the body from antici-
when exposed to flame either for a period of 3 or 12 s.
pated flame hazards. It is possible that protective clothing
3.15 glow, n—visible, flameless combustion of the solid
designated for isolation from other hazard, such as those for
phase of a material.
chemicalorbiologicalprotection,neitherhaveflameresistance
3.15.1 Discussion—Although a solid may glow, it can also
norisolatethewearerfromflamehazards.Thistestmethodcan
produce combustible discharge that will cause a flame. These
be used to evaluate the effects of flame impingement on
two phenomena are not necessarily interdependent.
protective clothing where flame resistance is not the primary
3.16 ignition, n—the initiation of combustion. objective of protection.
F1358–00
5.1.2 When flame resistance is the primary protection of-
feredbytheprotectiveclothing,alternativetestmethodscanbe
used. A test method that is useful for evaluating flame
resistance of textiles is Test Method D 6413. Index D 4723
contains descriptions and guidance on other flammability test
methods for textiles.
5.1.3 This test method is useful to determine the ignition
resistance and burning characteristics of materials used in
protective clothing not designated for flame resistance when
the outer material surface is exposed to the flame. As such, it
is particularly suited to protective clothing materials which are
composed of different layers such as coated fabrics, laminates,
or multilayer clothing systems.
5.2 Correlation of data from this test method with the
ignition resistance and burning characteristics of protective
clothing (not designated for flame resistance) under actual use
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
conditions is not implied.
FIG. 2 Cabinet Front and Top Detail
6. Apparatus
6.1 Cabinet, and accessories, fabricated in accordance with
lowered or raised as required to accommodate the thickness of
the requirements specified in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3. Use
the specimens to be tested.
6.2 Burner, equipped with a variable orifice to adjust the
flame height, a barrel having a 10-mm ( ⁄8-in.) inside diameter
and a pilot light (Fig. 4).
6.2.1 One method for constructing the burner is to combine
3 1
a10-mm( ⁄8-in.)insidediameterbarrel75 66mm(3 6 ⁄4in.)
long from a fixed orifice burner with a base from a variable
orifice burner.
6.2.2 Use a pilot light tube with an inner diameter of
1 1
approximately 2 mm ( ⁄16 in.) which is spaced 3 mm ( ⁄8 in.)
away from the burner edge.
6.2.3 Make the necessary gas connections and provide the
applicable plumbing as specified in Fig. 5. Attach either a
solenoid or stopcock to the burner.The control valve (stopcock
or solenoid) shall be capable of being fully opened or fully
closed in 0.1 s.
6.2.4 On the side of the barrel of the burner, opposite the
pilot light, use a metal rod of approximately 3-mm ( ⁄8-in.)
diameter spaced 13 mm ( ⁄2 in.) from the barrel and extending
abovetheburner.Therodshallhavetwo8-mm( ⁄16-in.)prongs
3 1
marking the distances of 19 mm ( ⁄4 in.) and 38 mm (1 ⁄2 in.)
above the top of the burner.
6.2.5 Fix the burner in a position so that the center of the
barrel of the burner is directly below the center of the
NOTE 1—The specimen holder may be positioned so that the specimen
specimen.
faces the door.
6.3 Gas Regulator Valve System, with a control valve
FIG. 1 Test Cabinet
system with a delivery rate designated to furnish gas to the
1 1
burner under a gage pressure of 17.2 6 1.7 kPa (2 ⁄2 6 ⁄4 psi)
galvanized sheet metal or other suitable metal.
at the burner inlet. The manufacturer’s recommended delivery
6.1.1 Provideameansforsuspendingthesampleholderthat
rate for the valve system shall include the required pressure.
permits adjustment of its height for positioning the specimen
6.4 Burner Gas, methane, with a minimum purity of 99 %.
over the burner. One means of suspending the sample involves
6.5 Rod, of 6-mm (0.25-in.) diameter, at least 152 mm (6
modifying the hanger for the specimen holder shown in Fig. 1,
in.) long, constructed of a hard metal.
in such a way that the hanger allows the specimen holder to be
5 6
The test cabinet is available from U.S. Testing Co., 1941 Park Avenue, The regulator valve system is available from Matheson Gas Products, P.O. Box
Hoboken, NJ 07030; or the Govmark Organization, Inc. P.O. Box 807, Bellmore, 85, East Rutherford, NJ 07073; orAir Products and Chemicals, Inc., P.O. Box 538,
NY 11710. This is the same test cabinet specified in Test Method D 6413. Allentown, PA 18105.
F1358–00
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
FIG. 3 Other Cabinet Construction Details
NOTE 1—All pipe fitting is to be black iron pipe.
NOTE 2—All dimensions are in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
FIG. 5 Cabinet Gas Connections
9. Procedure
9.1 Place the apparatus in a hood with the ventilating fan
turned off at the time of the test.
NOTE 1—The burner does not need to be resting on the cabinet bottom,
9.2 Fold specimens in half across the width with the normal
but it is considered more convenient in this mode.
NOTE 2—All dimensions in inches are (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
outside surface of the material facing out. Produce the fold
FIG. 4 Burner and Positioning of the Test Specimen
with the metal rod at the bend inside
...
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