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ASTM E3414-23

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Constant Torque Thermal Cycling of Cylindrical Shape Memory Alloy Specimens

Standard Test Method for Constant Torque Thermal Cycling of Cylindrical Shape Memory Alloy Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Constant torque thermal cycling tests determine the effect of shear stress on the transformation properties such as transformation temperatures, actuation shear strain and residual shear strain of a shape memory alloy. This test is done to provide data for the characterization selection of shape memory alloy materials, quality control, design allowables and actuator design (1-3).5 The tests should be used for one thermal cycle but may be used for repeated thermal cycles as agreed upon between supplier and customer.  
4.2 Measurement of the specimen's motion closely parallels many shape memory actuator applications and provides a result that is applicable to the function of the material.  
4.3 This test method may be used for cylindrical specimens such as wire, round tube or bar forms. Thus, it is able to provide an assessment of the product in its semi-finished form.  
4.4 This test method provides a simple method for determining transformation temperatures by heating and cooling specimens through their full thermal transformation under torque.  
4.5 This test method may also be used to evaluate partial transformation cycles as set by the LCT and UCT and agreed upon between the user and customer. Examples of partial and full transformation thermal cycles are provided in Fig. 2.
FIG. 2 Effects of Shear Stress and Upper Cycle Temperature on Test Results
Note 1: A) UCT sufficient for complete Austenitic transformation. B) UCT not sufficient for complete Austenitic transformation. “τ” is the applied shear stress.  
4.6 This test method can be used on trained and processed material in a semi-finished form to measure Two Way Shape Memory Effect (TWSME) by comparing the shear strain at the LCT and UCT with a torque set such that the corresponding shear stress shall not exceed 7 MPa. For determining TWSME in this manner it is suggested that a full transformation cycle be performed in accordance with 5.7.  
4.7 This test method is useful for quality control, sp...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method will define procedures for thermomechanical cycling of shape memory alloys (SMA) material and components with circular cross-sections under constant torque. This test method will measure the transformation properties such as transformation temperatures, actuation shear strain and residual shear strain, when a shape memory alloy is thermally cycled through the phase transformation under a constant applied torque. This test is done to provide data for the characterization selection of shape memory alloy materials, quality control, design allowables and actuator design.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2023
Technical Committee
E08 - Fatigue and Fracture
Drafting Committee
E08.05 - Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Crack Formation
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E3414-23 - Standard Test Method for Constant Torque Thermal Cycling of Cylindrical Shape Memory Alloy SpecimensASTM E3414-23 - Standard Test Method for Constant Torque Thermal Cycling of Cylindrical Shape Memory Alloy Specimens
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ASTM E3414-23 - Standard Test Method for Constant Torque Thermal Cycling of Cylindrical Shape Memory Alloy Specimens
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3414 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Constant Torque Thermal Cycling of Cylindrical Shape
1
Memory Alloy Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3414; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
someter Systems
1.1 This test method will define procedures for thermome-
E209 Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at
chanical cycling of shape memory alloys (SMA) material and
Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heat-
components with circular cross-sections under constant torque.
ing Rates and Strain Rates
This test method will measure the transformation properties
E606/E606M Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue
such as transformation temperatures, actuation shear strain and
Testing
residual shear strain, when a shape memory alloy is thermally
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
cycled through the phase transformation under a constant
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
applied torque. This test is done to provide data for the
E1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness Tests
characterization selection of shape memory alloy materials,
E2207 Practice for Strain-Controlled Axial-Torsional Fa-
quality control, design allowables and actuator design.
tigue Testing with Thin-Walled Tubular Specimens
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E2368 Practice for Strain Controlled Thermomechanical
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Fatigue Testing
standard.
E3097 Test Method for Uniaxial Constant Force Thermal
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Cycling of Shape Memory Alloys
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E3098 Test Method for Mechanical Uniaxial Pre-strain and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Thermal Free Recovery of Shape Memory Alloys
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
F2004 Test Method for Transformation Temperature of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Nickel-Titanium Alloys by Thermal Analysis
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
F2005 Terminology for Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Alloys
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
2.2 Other Standards:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metric
2
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Practice
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 3
ASQ C1 General Requirements for a Quality Program
4
ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems—Requirements
2. Referenced Documents
2
3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
3.1 Definitions—The terms specific to this test method are
ing Machines
defined in this section. All other terms used in this test method
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of
are in accordance with Terminologies in Terminology F2005,
Metallic Materials
Practice E2207, Test Method E3097 and Test Method E3098.
All shear stress and shear strain defined in this test method are
determined on the outer diameter in accordance with Practice
1
E2207, unless otherwise stated.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue
and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.05 on Cyclic
Deformation and Fatigue Crack Formation.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. DOI:
3
10.1520/E3414–23 Available from American Society for Quality (ASQ), 600 N. Plankinton Ave.,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Milwaukee, WI 53203, http://www.asq.org.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
the ASTM website. Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3414 − 23
3.1.1 Discussion—During thermomechanical cycling of 3.2.4 cooling trans
...

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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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1.1 These procedures describe the methods of macroetching metals and alloys to reveal their macrostructure.  
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4.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than through the use of dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) in fine or coarse aggregate are desired, this test method is used on the sample prior to dry sieving in accordance with Test Method C136/C136M. The results of this test method are included in the calculation in Test Method C136/C136M, and the total amount of material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) by washing, plus that obtained by dry sieving the same sample, is reported with the results of Test Method C136/C136M. Usually, the additional amount of material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked. It could also be an indication of degradation of the aggregate.  
4.2 Plain water is adequate to separate the material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) from the coarser material with most aggregates. In some cases, the finer material is adhering to the larger particles, such as some clay coatings and coatings on aggregates that have been extracted from bituminous mixtures. In these cases, the fine material will be separated more readily with a wetting agent in the water.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve in aggregate by washing. Clay particles and other aggregate particles that are dispersed by the wash water, as well as water-soluble materials, will be removed from the aggregate during the test.  
1.2 Two procedures are included, one using only water for the washing operation, and the other including a wetting agent to assist the loosening of the material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve from the coarser material. Unless otherwise specified, Procedure A (water only) shall be used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Test Methods for Wetting and Drying Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are used to determine the resistance of compacted soil-cement specimens to repeated wetting and drying. These test methods were developed to be used in conjunction with Test Methods D560/D560M and criteria given in the Soil-Cement Laboratory Handbook4 to determine the minimum amount of cement required in soil-cement to achieve a degree of hardness adequate to resist field weathering.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the soil-cement losses, water content changes, and volume changes (swell and shrinkage) produced by repeated wetting and drying of hardened soil-cement specimens. The specimens are compacted in a mold, before cement hydration, to maximum density at optimum water content using the compaction procedure described in Test Methods D558/D558M.  
1.2 Two test methods, depending on soil gradation, are covered for preparation of material for molding specimens and for molding specimens as follows:    
Sections  
Test Method A, using soil material passing a 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
This method shall be used when 100 % of the soil sample passes the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.  
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Test Method B, using soil material passing a 19.0 mm [0.75-in.] sieve.
This method shall be used when part of the soil sample is retained on the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
This test method may be used only on materials with 30 % or less retained on the 19.0-mm [0.75-in.] sieve.  
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1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.  
1.4.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of tw...

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