ASTM F1720-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a Heated Manikin
Standard Test Method for Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a Heated Manikin
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the insulation provided by sleeping bags or sleeping bag systems. It can be used for material and design evaluations.
5.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing (see Test Method F1291) and sleeping bags is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method may lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature and air motion measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Any departures should be reported with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the insulation value of a sleeping bag or sleeping bag system. It measures the resistance to dry heat transfer from a constant skin temperature manikin to a relatively cold environment. This is a static test that generates reproducible results, but the manikin cannot simulate real life sleeping conditions relating to some human and environmental factors, examples of which are listed in the introduction.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the sleeping bag or sleeping bag system, as tested, and for the specified thermal and environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement past the manikin.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F1720 − 14 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Sleeping bags are used by people in outdoor environments to insulate them from the cold (that is,
reduce their body heat loss to the environment). Sleeping bags often are used with ground pads and
clothing inside tents that provide additional protection from the environment. The amount of
insulation needed in a sleeping bag depends upon the air temperature and a number of other
environmental factors (for example, wind speed, radiant temperature, moisture in the air), human
factors(forexample,aperson’smetabolicheatproductionthatisaffectedbygender,age,fitnesslevel,
bodytype,size,position,andmovement),andphysicalfactors(forexample,amountofbodycoverage
and the quality of the insulating materials). The insulation value, expressed in clo units, can be used
tocharacterizesleepingbagsandsleepingbagsystems.Insulationvaluescanbeusedinbodyheatloss
models to predict the temperature ratings for comfort.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers determination of the insulation 2.1 ASTM Standards:
valueofasleepingbagorsleepingbagsystem.Itmeasuresthe F1291TestMethodforMeasuringtheThermalInsulationof
resistancetodryheattransferfromaconstantskintemperature Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
manikin to a relatively cold environment. This is a static test 2.2 ISO Standards:
that generates reproducible results, but the manikin cannot ISO 135372002 Requirements for Sleeping Bags
simulate real life sleeping conditions relating to some human ISO 15831 2004 Clothing—Physiological Effects—
and environmental factors, examples of which are listed in the Measurement of Thermal Insulation by Means of a Ther-
introduction. mal Manikin
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the sleep-
3. Terminology
ing bag or sleeping bag system, as tested, and for the specified
3.1 Definitions:
thermal and environmental conditions of each test, particularly
3.1.1 auxiliary products, n—items used with a sleeping bag
with respect to air movement past the manikin.
to create a sleeping bag system such as clothing, ground pad,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and bivy sack.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 clo, n—unit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
0.155°C·m /W.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Aheavymen’sbusinesssuitprovides1
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
clo of insulation.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F08 on Sports For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee F08.22 on Camping Softgoods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F1720–06 (2011). Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
DOI: 10.1520/F1720-14. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1720 − 14
3.1.3 dry heat loss, n—heat transferred from the body being heated to a constant average surface temperature of
surface to a cooler environment by means of conduction, 35°C. The manikin’s height should be between 1.5 and 1.9 m
convection, and radiation.
with a surface area between 1.5 and 2.1 m .
3.1.4 manikin, n—a life-size model of the human body with 6.1.1 Size and Shape—Construct the manikin to simulate
a surface temperature similar to that of a human being. the body of a human being, that is, construct a head, chest/
back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands, legs, and feet. Total
3.1.5 sleeping bag, n—a structure made of down, synthetic
surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m , and height shall be 180 6
fiberfill, shell fabrics, or other materials, or a combination
10 cm. Any departures from this description should be re-
thereof, that is designed for people to use for thermal protec-
ported.
tion when sleeping (for example, outdoors, tent, cabin).
6.1.2 Surface Temperature—Construct the manikin so as to
3.1.6 sleeping bag system, n—sleeping bag used with aux-
maintain a constant temperature distribution over the entire
iliary products such as clothing, ground pad, and bivy sack.
nude body surface with no local hot or cold spots. Ensure that
3.1.7 thermal insulation, n—resistance to dry heat transfer
the mean skin temperature of the manikin is 35°C. Do not
by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.
allow local deviations from the mean skin temperature to
3.1.8 total insulation (I ), n—the resistance to dry heat loss
T
exceed 60.3°C. Evaluate temperature uniformity of the nude
from the manikin that includes the resistance provided by the
manikin at least once annually using an infrared thermal
sleeping bag, auxiliary products (if used) and the air layer
imaging system, a surface (contact) temperature probe, or
around the manikin.
equivalent method. This procedure also should be repeated
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Total insulation values (I ) are mea-
T
after repairs or alterations are completed that could affect
sured directly with a manikin. They can be used to compare
temperature uniformity, for example, replacing a heating ele-
different sleeping bags, as long as each test is conducted using
ment.
the same experimental procedures and test conditions.
6.2 Power-Measuring Instruments—Measure the power to
4. Summary of Test Method
the manikin so as to give an accurate average over the period
4.1 A heated manikin is placed inside a sleeping bag or
of a test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is used
sleeping bag system in a cold environmental chamber.
for power control, then devices that are capable of averaging
over the control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-
4.2 Thepowerneededtomaintainaconstantbodytempera-
hour metres) are preferred over instantaneous devices (watt
ture is measured.
metres). Overall accuracy of the power monitoring equipment
4.3 The total thermal insulation of the sleeping bag or
must be within 62% of the reading for the average power for
sleepingbagsystem(includingtheresistanceoftheexternalair
the test period. Since there are a variety of devices and
layer) is calculated based on the skin temperature and surface
techniquesusedforpowermeasurement,thisstandarddoesnot
area of the manikin, the air temperature, and the power level.
providespecificcalibrationprocedures.Developanddocument
5. Significance and Use
an appropriate power calibration procedure.
5.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare
6.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikin’s Skin
the insulation provided by sleeping bags or sleeping bag
Temperature—The mean skin temperature may be measured
systems. It can be used for material and design evaluations.
with point sensors or distributed temperature sensors.
5.2 Themeasurementoftheinsulationprovidedbyclothing
6.3.1 Point Sensors—Point sensors may be thermocouples,
(see Test Method F1291) and sleeping bags is complex and
resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-
dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not
lentsensors.Ensurethattheyarenomorethan3-mmthickand
practical in a test method of this scope to establish details
are well bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to the
sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the
manikin’s surface. Bond lead wires to the surface or pass
instructions in this test method may lead to significantly
through the interior of the manikin, or both. Distribute the
different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the
sensors so that each one represents the same surface area or
theory of heat transfer, temperature and air motion
area-weight each sensor temperature when calculating the
measurement,andtestingpracticesisneededtoevaluatewhich
mean skin temperature for the body. A minimum of 11 point
departures from the instructions given in this test method are
sensorsarerequired.Itisrecommendedthatasensorbeplaced
significant.Standardizationofthemethodreduces,butdoesnot
on the head, chest, back, arms, legs, hands, and feet.
eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Any depar-
6.3.2 Distributed Sensors—If distributed sensors are used
tures should be reported with the results.
(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must be
distributed over the surface so that all areas are equally
6. Apparatus
4 weighted. If several such sensors are used to measure the
6.1 Manikin —Use a supine manikin that is formed in the
temperature of different parts of the body, then their respective
shape and size of an adult male or female and is capable of
temperatures should be area-weighted when calculating the
mean skin temperature. Distributed sensors must be small in
Information on laboratories with heated manikins can be obtained from the
diameter (that is, less than 1 mm) and firmly bonded to the
Institute for Environmental Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
66506. manikin surface at all points.
F1720 − 14
6.4 Controlled Environmental Chamber—Placethemanikin 8.2 Bags normally should not be laundered or dry cleaned
in a chamber at least 3 by 2 by 2.6 m in dimension that can prior to testing because the procedures may affect the results.
provide uniform conditions, both spatially and temporally.
8.3 If auxiliary products are used, the correct size should be
6.4.1 Spatial Variations—Do not exceed the following: air
selected for the manikin.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1720 − 06 (Reapproved 2011) F1720 − 14 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using a
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Sleeping bags are used by people in outdoor environments to insulate them from the cold (that is,
reduce their body heat loss to the environment). Sleeping bags often are used with ground pads and
clothing inside tents that provide additional protection from the environment. The amount of
insulation needed in a sleeping bag depends upon the air temperature and a number of other
environmental factors (for example, wind speed, radiant temperature, moisture in the air), human
factors (for example, a person’s metabolic heat production that is affected by gender, age, fitness level,
body type, size, position, and movement), and physical factors (for example, amount of body coverage
and the quality of the insulating materials). The insulation value, expressed in clo units, can be used
to characterize sleeping bags and sleeping bag systems. Insulation values can be used in body heat loss
models to predict the temperature ratings for comfort.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers determination of the insulation value of a sleeping bag or sleeping bag system. It measures the
resistance to dry heat transfer from a constant skin temperature manikin to a relatively cold environment. This is a static test that
generates reproducible results, but the manikin cannot simulate real life sleeping conditions relating to some human and
environmental factors, examples of which are listed in the introduction.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the sleeping bag, bag or sleeping bag system, as tested, and for the specified
thermal and environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement past the manikin.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 13537 2002 Requirements for Sleeping Bags
ISO 15831 2004 Clothing—Physiological Effects—Measurement of Thermal Insulation by Means of a Thermal Manikin
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 auxiliary products, n—items used with a sleeping bag to create a sleeping bag system such as clothing, ground pad, and
bivy sack.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F08.22 on Camping Softgoods.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2014. Published February 2012November 2014. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20062011
as F1720 – 06.F1720 – 06 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/F1720-06R11.10.1520/F1720-14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1720 − 14
3.1.2 clo, n—unit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to 0.155°C·m /W.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
A heavy men’s business suit provides 1 clo of insulation.
3.1.3 dry heat loss, n—heat transferred from the body surface to a cooler environment by means of conduction, convection, and
radiation.
3.1.4 manikin, n—a life-size model of the human body with a surface temperature similar to that of a human being.
3.1.5 sleeping bag, n—a structure made of down, synthetic fiberfill, shell fabrics, or other materials, or a combination thereof,
that is designed for people to use for thermal protection when sleeping (for example, outdoors, tent, cabin).
3.1.6 sleeping bag system, n—sleeping bag used with auxiliary products such as clothing, ground pad, and bivy sack.
3.1.7 thermal insulation, n—resistance to dry heat transfer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.
3.1.8 total insulation (I ), n—the resistance to dry heat loss from the manikin that includes the resistance provided by the
T
sleeping bag, auxiliary products (if used) and the air layer around the manikin.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—
Total insulation values (I ) are measured directly with a manikin. They can be used to compare different sleeping bags, as long
T
as each test is conducted using the same experimental procedures and test conditions.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A heated manikin is placed inside a sleeping bag or sleeping bag system in a cold environmental chamber.
4.2 The power needed to maintain a constant body temperature is measured.
4.3 The total thermal insulation of the sleeping bag or sleeping bag system (including the resistance of the external air layer)
is calculated based on the skin temperature and surface area of the manikin, the air temperature, and the power level.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the insulation provided by sleeping bags or sleeping bag systems.
It can be used for material and design evaluations.
5.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing (see Test Method F1291) and sleeping bags is complex and
dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to
cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method may lead to significantly different test results.
Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature and air motion measurement, and testing practices is
needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the method
reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Any departures should be reported with the results.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Manikin —Use a supine manikin that is formed in the shape and size of an adult male or female and is capable of being
heated to a constant temperature of 32 to 34°C.average surface temperature of 35°C. The manikin’s height should be between 1.5
and 1.9 m with a surface area between 1.5 and 2.1 m .
6.1.1 Size and Shape—Construct the manikin to simulate the body of a human being, that is, construct a head, chest/back,
abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands, legs, and feet. Total surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m , and height shall be 180 6 10 cm. Any
departures from this description should be reported.
6.1.2 Surface Temperature—Construct the manikin so as to maintain a constant temperature distribution over the entire nude
body surface with no local hot or cold spots. Ensure that the mean skin temperature of the manikin is 32 to 34°C. It is recommended
that the average temperature of the hands and feet be lower (26 to 29°C). 35°C. Do not allow local deviations from the mean skin
temperature to exceed 63°C, except in the extremities. 60.3°C. Evaluate temperature uniformity of the nude manikin at least once
annually using an infrared thermal imaging system, a surface (contact) temperature probe, or equivalent method. This procedure
also should be repeated after repairs or alterations are completed that could affect temperature uniformity, for example, replacing
a heating element.
6.2 Power-Measuring Instruments—Measure the power to the manikin so as to give an accurate average over the period of a
test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is used for power control, then devices that are capable of averaging over the
Information on laboratories with heated manikins can be obtained from the Institute for Environmental Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.
F1720 − 14
control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-hour metres) are preferred over instantaneous devices (watt metres). Overall
accuracy of the power monitoring equipment must be within 62 % of the reading for the average power for the test period. Since
there are a variety of devices and techniques used for power measurement, do this standard does not provide specific calibration
procedures. Develop and document an appropriate power calibration procedure.
6.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikin’s Skin Temperature—The mean skin temperature may be measured with point sensors
or distributed temperature sensors.
6.3.1 Point Sensors—Point sensors may be thermocouples, resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equivalent
sensors. Ensure that they are no more than 3-mm thick and are well bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to the manikin’s
surface. Bond lead wires to the surface or pass through the interior of the manikin, or both. Distribute the sensors so that each one
represents the same surface area or area-weight each sensor temperature when calculating the mean skin temperature for the body.
A minimum of 1511 point sensors are required. It is recommended that a sensor be placed on the head, chest, back, abdomen,
buttocks, and both the right and left upper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot.arms, legs, hands, and feet.
6.3.2 Distributed Sensors—If distributed sensors are used (for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must be distributed
over the surface so that all areas are equally weighted. If several such sensors are used to measure the temperature of different parts
of the body, then their respective temperatures should be area-weighted when calculating the mean skin temperature. Distributed
sensors must be small in diameter (that is, less than 1 mm) and firmly bonded to the manikin surface at all points.
6.4 Controlled Environmental Chamber—Place the manikin in a chamber at least 3 by 2 by 2.6 m in dimension that can provide
uniform conditions, both spatially and temporally.
6.4.1 Spatial Variations—Do not exceed the following: air temperature 61.0°C, relative humidity 65 %, and air velocity
650 % of the mean value. In addition, the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0°C different from the mean air
temperature. Verify the spatial uniformity at least annually or after any significant modifications are made to the chamber. Verify
spatial uniformity by recording values for the conditions stated above at 0.6 m (the midline elevation of the manikin on the cot)
and 1.1 m above the floor at the location occupied by the manikin. Use sensing devices specified below when measuring the
environmental conditions.
6.4.2 Temporal Variations—Do not exceed the following: air temperature 60.5°C, mean radiant temperature 60.5°C, relative
humidity 65 %, and air velocity 620 % of the mean value for data averaged over 5 min (see 6.4.5).
6.4.3 Relative Humidity Measuring Equipment—Any humidity sensing device with an accuracy of 65 % relative humidity and
a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (for example, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only one location needs to be
monitored during a test to ensure that the temporal uniformity requirements are met.
6.4.4 Air Temperature Sensors—Shielded air temperature sensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of
60.15°C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple, thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceeding 1 min.
The sensor(s) shall be located at the midline elevation of the manikin (0.6 m from the floor), at least 0.4 m from the manikin. A
single sensor may be used, but multiple sensors are preferred. If a single sensor is used, it shall be located midway between the
head and the feet. If multiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced equally from the head to the feet and their readings averaged.
6.4.5 Air Velocity Indicator—Use an omnidirectional anemometer with 60.05 m/s accuracy. Average measurements for at least
1 min at each location. If it is demonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by more than 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary
to monitor air velocity during a test. The value of the mean air velocity must be reported, however. If air velocity is monitored,
then measurement location requirements are the same as for temperature.
7. Sampling
7.1 It is desirable to test three identical sleeping bags so that sample variability will be reflected in the test results. Sample
variance generally is larger for sleeping bags as compared with clothing. If only one sample is available, which is often the case
with prototypes, replicate measurements can be made on one sleeping bag.
8. Preparation of Sleeping Bags
8.1 The sleeping bag should be the appropriate size for the manikin with respect to its width and length. A bag that fits tightly
and causes compression in the head, feet, or hip areas may have a lower insulation value than one that does not cause compression.
8.2 Bags normally should not be laundered or dry cleaned prior to testing because the procedures may affect the results.
8.3 If auxiliary products are used, the correct size should be selected for the manikin.
9. Test Procedure
9.1 Environmental Test Conditions—The standard conditions for all tests are given as follows.
9.1.1 Air Temperature—The air temperature shall be at least 25°C lower than the manikin’s mean temperature during a test.
9.1.2 Air Velocity—Use a fan to produce an air velocity of 0.3 6 0.05 m/s. Position the bag and manikin so that the direction
of the air flow is from the head to the feet.
9.1.3 Relative Humidity—Maintain the relative humidity at a constant level 65 % between 30 and 70 % relative humidity for
all tests conducted in a series.between 40 and 80 % for all tests.
F1720 − 14
9.2 Mean Skin Temperature of Manikin—Select an average temperature between 32 and 34°C and maintain it within 60.3°C
for all tests
...
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