ASTM E1222-90(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of the Insertion Loss of Pipe Lagging Systems
Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of the Insertion Loss of Pipe Lagging Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The insertion loss of a pipe lagging system depends upon the lagging system materials, the method used to apply the materials, the pipe wall thickness, the size and shape of the bare and lagged pipe, and the mechanisms causing noise radiation from the pipe. Insertion losses measured using this test method should be used with some caution. In the laboratory, measurements must be made under reproducible conditions, but in practical usage in the field, the conditions that determine the effective insertion loss are difficult to predict and they may lead to slightly different results. Insertion losses measured with this test method can be used successfully for acoustical design purposes. Insertion losses measured with this test method are most useful for pipes and lagging systems which are similar to those used in the laboratory configuration.
This test method may be used to rank-order pipe lagging systems according to insertion loss or to estimate the field insertion loss of pipe lagging systems installed in the field.
This test method assumes that pipe wall stresses resulting from different methods of supporting the test pipe in the laboratory do not have a significant effect upon the measured insertion loss.
Pipe lagging systems typically have small insertion loss, and sometimes negative insertion loss, at frequencies below 500 Hz. The results obtained at frequencies below 500 Hz may be somewhat erratic. Sound sources used with this test method normally have a low frequency limit in the range from 300 to 500 Hz. For these reasons, the lowest band of frequencies for which results are required is centered at 500 Hz.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the insertion loss of pipe lagging systems under laboratory conditions.
1.2 A procedure for accrediting a laboratory for purposes of this test method is given in Annex A1.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1222 − 90 (Reapproved2009)
Standard Test Method for
Laboratory Measurement of the Insertion Loss of Pipe
Lagging Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1222; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the inser-
3.1 Definitions—The acoustical terms used in this test
tion loss of pipe lagging systems under laboratory conditions. method are consistent with Terminology C634.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 Aprocedure for accrediting a laboratory for purposes of
3.2.1 pipe lagging system—anarrangementofnoiseinsulat-
this test method is given in Annex A1.
ing materials used to cover a pipe to reduce noise radiating
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
from it.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Noise is produced inside a steel pipe located within a
reverberation room using band-limited white noise as a test
2. Referenced Documents
signal. The noise must be produced by a loudspeaker or
acoustic driver located at one end of the pipe. Average sound
2.1 ASTM Standards:
pressure levels are measured within the reverberation room for
C423TestMethodforSoundAbsorptionandSoundAbsorp-
two conditions, one with sound radiating from the bare pipe
tion Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method
and the other with the same pipe covered with a lagging
C634Terminology Relating to Building and Environmental
Acoustics system. The insertion loss of the lagging system is the
difference in the sound pressure levels measured with sound
E90Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne
Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and radiatingfromthebareandlaggedpipe,withanadjustmentfor
changes in room absorption due to the presence of the lagging
Elements
E548Guide for General Criteria Used for Evaluating Labo- system.Theresultsmaybeobtainedinaseriesof100-Hzwide
bandsorinone-thirdoctavebandsfrom500to5000Hz.Using
ratory Competence (Withdrawn 2002)
100-Hzwidebandswillimprovethesignal-to-noiseratiointhe
2.2 ANSI Standards:
reverberant room. This is frequently necessary when measur-
S1.4Specification for Sound Level Meters
ing specimens having high insertion loss.
S1.6Preferred Frequencies and Band Numbers forAcousti-
cal Measurements
5. Significance and Use
S1.11Specification for Octave Band and Fractional-Octave-
Band Analog and Digital Filters
5.1 The insertion loss of a pipe lagging system depends
upon the lagging system materials, the method used to apply
the materials, the pipe wall thickness, the size and shape of the
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE33onBuilding
bare and lagged pipe, and the mechanisms causing noise
and Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
radiation from the pipe. Insertion losses measured using this
E33.08 on Mechanical and Electrical System Noise.
test method should be used with some caution. In the
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1222 – 90 (2002).
laboratory, measurements must be made under reproducible
DOI: 10.1520/E1222-90R09.
conditions, but in practical usage in the field, the conditions
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
thatdeterminetheeffectiveinsertionlossaredifficulttopredict
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and they may lead to slightly different results. Insertion losses
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
measured with this test method can be used successfully for
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
acousticaldesignpurposes.Insertionlossesmeasuredwiththis
www.astm.org.
test method are most useful for pipes and lagging systems
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. whicharesimilartothoseusedinthelaboratory configuration.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1222 − 90 (2009)
5.2 Thistestmethodmaybeusedtorank-orderpipelagging sion. Any method of terminating the pipe may be used
systems according to insertion loss or to estimate the field provided that adequately low levels of flanking transmission
insertion loss of pipe lagging systems installed in the field. are achieved. It is usually necessary to cap the end of the pipe
within the reverberation room with heavy structure and to
5.3 This test method assumes that pipe wall stresses result-
vibration-isolatethepipeendfromthereverberationroomfloor
ing from different methods of supporting the test pipe in the
orceiling.Thecapmaybeablindflange,atleasttwiceasthick
laboratory do not have a significant effect upon the measured
as the pipe wall, welded to the end of the pipe.
insertion loss.
7.2.4 No solid connections may exist between the surfaces
5.4 Pipelaggingsystemstypicallyhavesmallinsertionloss,
of the reverberation room and the pipe or test specimen. A
and sometimes negative insertion loss, at frequencies below
flexible, nonhardening, knife grade mastic, such as available
500Hz.Theresultsobtainedatfrequenciesbelow500Hzmay
forsealinghigh-pressureducts,shouldbeusedtosealthegaps
be somewhat erratic. Sound sources used with this test method
where the pipe passes through walls.
normally have a low frequency limit in the range from 300 to
7.3 Loudspeaker:
500 Hz. For these reasons, the lowest band of frequencies for
which results are required is centered at 500 Hz.
7.3.1 Type—The loudspeaker may be a horn-driver combi-
nation or a direct radiator (cone type) loudspeaker. Normally,
6. Interferences
only acoustic drivers with horns will have sufficient output for
the tests when high insertion losses are being measured.
6.1 Flankingtransmissionmaylimitthemaximuminsertion
7.3.2 Installation—The loudspeaker shall be placed on the
losses which can be reliably measured using this test method.
open end of the pipe outside the reverberation room. The horn
The test pipe and reverberation room shall be constructed and
of the loudspeaker must be structurally isolated from any
arranged so as to minimize the possibility of transmission by
contact with the pipe wall.
paths other than through the test specimen. Flanking transmis-
sion should be at least 10 dB lower than the power transmitted
7.4 Reference Sound Source:
through the test specimen into the reverberation room. Appen-
7.4.1 A reference sound source is needed to permit adjust-
dix X1 presents one procedure for assessing flanking transmis-
mentsforthechangeinsoundabsorptionwithinthereverbera-
sion.
tion room due to the lagging system.
6.2 The background noise in each test band must be at least
7.4.2 The sound from the reference source shall be broad-
10 dB below measured sound pressure levels for that band.
band noise without significant single-frequency components.
The maximum sound power level of any single frequency
7. Apparatus
component within a band should be at least 5 dB below the
7.1 Reverberation Room—The sound field in the reverbera-
sound power level for that band.
tion room shall approximate a diffuse field when the test
7.4.3 The source level in any band shall have a maximum
specimen is in place. The requirements for the reverberation
short-term time-variation of no greater than 2 dB measured
room are in Test Method C423. The volume of the test room
with the slow dynamic characteristic of a sound level meter or
shall be 2000 ft or greater.
the equivalent.
7.1.1 The average sound absorption coefficients of the
7.4.4 Thesourceshallbephysicallysmall,withamaximum
room,excludingsoundabsorptionbyairandthetestspecimen,
dimension of less than 2 ft.
measured in accordance with Test Method C423, shall be less
7.4.5 The reference source may be a loudspeaker; if so, it
than0.06overthetestfrequencyrangewhenthetestspecimen
shouldbedrivenwithbandsofwhitenoiseanditssoundpower
is in place.
output should be within the limits prescribed in 7.4.3.
7.1.2 Diffusing devices such as rotating and stationary
7.4.6 A preferred reference sound source is a modified
diffusing surfaces are useful for creating an adequate diffuse
centrifugalfan,directlyconnectedtoamotorwithstablespeed
sound field.
characteristics. The sound power level of this source as a
7.2 Pipe:
function of frequency is adequately constant for this test
7.2.1 Construction—The standard test pipe shall be at least
method.
13 ft long and mounted horizontally within the reverberation
7.4.7 The source should have a resilient mounting which is
room. It shall be a nominal 12-in. diameter carbon steel pipe
suitably designed to prevent transmission of vibrations to the
with a nominal wall thickness of ⁄4 in.
structure on which it is mounted.
7.2.2 Other pipes may be used but they shall have a wall
thickness of at least ⁄4 in., a nominal diameter of at least 6 in.,
and shall be at least 13 diameters long.
Thesolesourcesofsupplyofthesoundsourcesknowntothecommitteeatthis
7.2.3 Installation—Potential flanking transmission can be
timeareBrüelandKjäerInstruments,Inc.,185ForestSt.,Marlborough,MA01752
minimized if both ends of the pipe are outside of the rever-
(Model 4204); ILG Industries, 2850 North Pulaski Road, Chicago, IL60641;
beration room. For this reason, this is the preferred method of
Electric France (E.D.F.), Department Acoustique et Vibrations, 17, Av. de la
Liberation, 92 Clamart, France (Model NOVACEM); and, Acculab, 3201 Ridge-
installing the pipe.Alternately, the loudspeaker end of the pipe
woodDrive,Columbus,OH43220.Ifyouareawareofalternativesuppliers,please
may be located outside of the reverberation room. In this case,
provide this information toASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will
theotherendofthepipewithinthereverberationroommustbe
receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,
carefully constructed and mounted to avoid flanking transmis- which you may attend.
E1222 − 90 (2009)
8. Test Specimen 10.2.2 One-third Octave-Band Method—Aone-third octave
filter set satisfying the requirements of ANSI S1.11 for Order
8.1 The test specimen shall be a pipe lagging system
3orhigher,Type1orbetter.Thenominalcenterfrequenciesof
installed on the bare pipe following normal mounting proce-
the filters shall be the same as the test signal center frequency.
dure. The system should be lapped and seamed following a
procedure similar to the one used in the field.
10.3 A narrow band analyzer is optional. It may be useful
formonitoringspectraluniformityofthesoundwithinthepipe.
8.2 If the pipe lagging system is usually installed with a
seam,thetestspecimenshallhaveatleastoneseamaroundthe
11. Procedure
circumference and one longitudinal seam.
11.1 Install the lagging specimen on the pipe.
8.3 The test specimen should be sealed where it butts to the
walls of the reverberation room or the capped end of the pipe.
11.2 Select microphone positions within the reverberation
The flexible mastic used to seal gaps around the pipe is also
room.Thelocationsshallbeatleastone-halfwavelengthaway
recommended for this purpose. The mastic should not harden
from any solid surface at the lowest test frequency.
with age so as to cause flanking.
11.3 Usingthereferencesoundsource,measuretheaverage
soundpressurelevelsineachtestbandwithinthereverberation
9. Test Signal
room. Turn off the reference sound source.
9.1 The loudspeaker shall be driven with bands of white
11.4 Drive the loudspeaker at the end of the pipe with the
noise. To avoid nonlinearities, the total sound pressure level
test signal and measure the average sound pressure levels in
shall not exceed 160 dB inside the pipe.
each test band within the reverberation room. Measure the
9.2 The sound pressure level in the test band on the interior
sound pressure levels generated by the test signal at the
of the pipe shall have a maximum short-term time-variation in
monitoring microphone inside the pipe.
any band no greater than 2 dB measured with the “slow”
11.5 Remove the test specimen from the pipe while main-
dynamiccharacteristicofasoundlevelmeterortheequivalent.
If necessary, longer time averages may be used. taining the entire equipment set-up including all source and
measuring instrument settings as far as practical. A precision
9.3 Test Frequency Bands:
stepattenuatormaybeusedtotemporarilylowerthetestsignal
9.3.1 Constant Bandwidth Method—The test signal shall be
drivingtheloudspeakerwhileremovingthetestspecimen.Itis
contiguous 100 Hz (610 Hz), wide bands of white noise with
of the utmost importance to make no changes in the loud-
arithmetic center frequencies over the nominal range from 500
speaker position.
to5,000Hz.Optionally,bandscenteredat300and400Hzmay
also be used.
11.6 Return the test signal to the previous setting.
9.3.2 One-third Octave-band Method—The test signal shall
11.7 Compare the sound pressure levels generated by the
be contiguous one-third octave bands of white noise at the
test signal at the monitoring microphone with the spectrum
preferredone-thirdoctavebandcenterfrequenciesfrom500to
measured in 11.4. If the test signal, with sufficient time
5000 Hz. Optionally, one-third octave bands from 315 to 5000
averaging,differsbymorethan2dBinanytestbandfromthat
Hz may be used.
measured in 11.4 with the test specimen in place, begin the
procedure again.
10. Measuring Instruments
11.8 Measure the average sound pressure levels in each test
10.1 The minimum instrumentation required for this test
band within the reverberation room. Turn the test signal off.
method is as follows:
10.1.1 A monitoring microphone located inside the test
11.9 Repeat step 11.3 for the bare pipe.
pipe,
11.10 If another specimen is to be tested, repeat all steps
10.1.2 One or more room measurement microphones lo-
outlined in 11.1-11.9.
cated in the reverberation room,
10.1.3 Microphone amplifiers that satisfy the requirements
12. Calculation
ofANSI S1.4 for Type 1 or better sound level meters with the
exception that A and B-weighting networks are not required,
12.1 Ineachtestfrequencyband,calculatetheinsertion
...
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