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ASTM D178-01

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Matting

Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Matting

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers acceptance testing of rubber insulating matting for use as a floor covering for protection of workers.  
1.2 Two types of matting, differing in chemical and physical characteristics, are provided and are designated as Type I and Type II matting.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat applies only to the test method portion, Sections 17 to 19, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1--Rubber insulating matting should remain flexible for use through normal temperature ranges.
Note 2--Rubber as used in this specification is a generic term that includes elastomers and elastomer compounds, regardless of origin.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2001
ICS
29.035.20 - Plastics and rubber insulating materials
Technical Committee
F18 - Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers
Drafting Committee
F18.25 - Insulating Cover-Up Equipment
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D178-93(1998) - Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Matting
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D178-01e1 - Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Matting
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001

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ASTM D178-01 - Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating MattingASTM D178-01 - Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Matting
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ASTM D178-01 - Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Matting
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 178 – 01
Standard Specification for
1
Rubber Insulating Matting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 178; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
4
1. Scope D 570 Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics
D 573 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration in an Air
1.1 This specification covers acceptance testing of rubber
3
Oven
insulating matting for use as a floor covering for protection of
D 1692 Test Method for Rate of Burning or Extent and
workers.
Time of Burning of Cellular Plastics Using a Specimen
1.2 Two types of matting, differing in chemical and physical
5
Supported by a Horizontal Screen
characteristics, are provided and are designated as Type I and
6
2.2 American National Standard:
Type II matting.
ANSI C84.1 Voltage Ratings for Electric Power Systems
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat applies only to the
and Equipment (60 Hz)
test method portion, Sections 17 to 19, of this specification:
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
3. Terminology
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
3.1 Definitions:
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
3.1.1 user, n—as used in 4.3.1, the entity employing the
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
actual worker(s) utilizing the equipment; if no separate em-
limitations prior to use.
ployer, then the individual.
NOTE 1—Rubber insulating matting should remain flexible for use
3.1.2 voltage, maximum retest, n—voltage, either ac rms or
through normal temperature ranges.
dc avg, which is equal to the proof-test voltage for new
NOTE 2—Rubber as used in this specification is a generic term that
protective equipment.
includes elastomers and elastomer compounds, regardless of origin.
3.1.3 voltage, retest, n—voltage, either ac rms or dc avg,
2. Referenced Documents that used protective equipment must be capable of withstand-
ing for a specified test period without breakdown.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 voltage, nominal design, n—a nominal value consis-
D 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
tent with the latest revision of ANSI C84.1, assigned to the
Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
2 circuit or system for the purpose of conveniently designating
at Commercial Power Frequencies
its voltage class.
D 297 Test Methods for Rubber Products—Chemical
3 3.1.5 voltage, maximum use, n—the ac voltage (rms) clas-
Analysis
sification of the protective equipment that designates the
D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-
3 maximum nominal design voltage of the energized system that
plastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension
may be safely worked. The nominal design voltage is equal to
D 471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liq-
3 phase-to-phase voltage on multiphase circuits.
uids
3.1.5.1 If there is no multiphase exposure in a system area,
D 518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
3
and the voltage exposure is limited to phase (polarity on dc
Cracking
systems) to ground potential, the phase (polarity on dc sys-
tems) to ground potential shall be considered to be the nominal
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on design voltage.
Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F18.25 on Insulating Cover-Up Equipment. This standard replaces
4
ANSI Standard J 6.7, which is no longer available.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
5
Current edition approved March 10, 2001. Published May 2001. Originally
Discontinued January 1978; see the 1977 Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
published as D178 – 23 T. Last previous edition D178 – 93 (1998).
Part 36.
2
6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 178
3.1.5.2 If electrical equipment and devices are insulated, or 5.1.2.1 A—Ozone resistance
isolated, or both, such that the multiphase exposure on a
5.1.2.2 B—Flame resistance
grounded wye circuit is removed, then the nominal design
5.1.2.3 C—Oil resistance
voltage may be considered as the phase-to-ground voltage on
5.1.3 The class designation shall be based on the electrical
that circuit.
propert
...

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Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Matting

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the acceptance testing of insulating rubber matting that are used as a floor covering for the personal protection of workers. The sheeting shall be made from any elastomer or combination of elastomeric compounds. Two types of matting, differing in chemical and physical characteristics, are provided and are designated as Type I, which has been properly vulcanized, and Type II, which has one or more of the following special properties: (A) ozone resistance; (B) flame resistance; and (C) oil resistance. Five classes of matting, designated as Classes 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, are assigned according to electrical protection characteristics. When evaluated in accordance with the test procedures detailed herein, the matting shall adhere to the following property requirements: electrical properties such as phase-phase maximum use voltage, AC and DC proof-test voltages, AC and DC dielectric breakdown test voltages, and AC and DC electrode clearances; an physical and chemical properties such as moisture absorption, oil resistance, tensile strength, tension set, elongation, resistance to accelerated heat aging, and flame resistance.
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X1.3 Significance and Use
X1.3.1 Tests made on a cellular plastic under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the rate of burning and/or extent and time of burning of different materials, in controlling manufacturing processes, or as a measure of deterioration or change in burning characteristics prior to or during use.
X1.3.2 This test method is not intended to be a criterion for fire hazard. The fire hazard created by materials depends upon the form and end use of the material. Assessment of fire hazard includes, but is not limited to, many factors, such as, ease of ignition, burning rate, flame spread, fuel contribution, intensity of burning, and products of combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers acceptance testing of rubber insulating matting for use as a floor covering for protection of workers.  
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Note 1: Rubber insulating matting should remain flexible for use through normal temperature ranges.
Note 2: Rubber as used in this specification is a generic term that includes elastomers and elastomer compounds, regardless of origin.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers acceptance testing of rubber insulating blankets for protection of workers from accidental contact with live electrical conductors, apparatus, or circuits.  
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1.4 Two styles of blankets, differing in construction characteristics, are provided and are designated as Style A and Style B.  
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4.1 This guide provides inspection methods and techniques that may be used to examine electrical protective rubber products for irregularities. The methods have applications in manufacturing facilities, testing laboratories, and in the field where the products are used.  
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5.1 Before proceeding with these test methods, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in these test methods. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply.  
5.2 The pendulum impact test indicates the energy to break standard test specimens of specified size under stipulated parameters of specimen mounting, notching, and pendulum velocity-at-impact.  
5.3 The energy lost by the pendulum during the breakage of the specimen is the sum of the following:  
5.3.1 Energy to initiate fracture of the specimen;  
5.3.2 Energy to propagate the fracture across the specimen;  
5.3.3 Energy to throw the free end (or ends) of the broken specimen (“toss correction”);  
5.3.4 Energy to bend the specimen;  
5.3.5 Energy to produce vibration in the pendulum arm;  
5.3.6 Energy to produce vibration or horizontal movement of the machine frame or base;  
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5.3.8 Energy to indent or deform plastically the specimen at the line of impact; and  
5.3.9 Energy to overcome the friction caused by the rubbing of the striker (or other part of the pendulum) over the face of the bent specimen.  
5.4 For relatively brittle materials, for which fracture propagation energy is small in comparison with the fracture initiation energy, the indicated impact energy absorbed is, for all practical purposes, the sum of factors 5.3.1 and 5.3.3. The toss correction (see 5.3.3) may represent a very large fraction of the total energy absorbed when testing relatively dense and brittle materials. Test Method C shall be used for materials that have an Izod impact resistance of less than 27 J/m (0.5 ft·lbf/in.). (See Appendix X4 for optional units.) T...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the resistance of plastics to “standardized” (see Note 1) pendulum-type hammers, mounted in “standardized” machines, in breaking standard specimens with one pendulum swing (see Note 2). The standard tests for these test methods require specimens made with a milled notch (see Note 3). In Test Methods A, C, and D, the notch produces a stress concentration that increases the probability of a brittle, rather than a ductile, fracture. In Test Method E, the impact resistance is obtained by reversing the notched specimen 180° in the clamping vise. The results of all test methods are reported in terms of energy absorbed per unit of specimen width or per unit of cross-sectional area under the notch. (See Note 4.)
Note 1: The machines with their pendulum-type hammers have been “standardized” in that they must comply with certain requirements, including a fixed height of hammer fall that results in a substantially fixed velocity of the hammer at the moment of impact. However, hammers of different initial energies (produced by varying their effective weights) are recommended for use with specimens of different impact resistance. Moreover, manufacturers of the equipment are permitted to use different lengths and constructions of pendulums with possible differences in pendulum rigidities resulting. (See Section 5.) Be aware that other differences in machine design may exist. The specimens are “standardized” in that they are required to have one fixed length, one fixed depth, and one particular design of milled notch. The width of the specimens is permitted to vary between limits.
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ASTM D785-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A Rockwell hardness number is a number derived from the net increase in depth impression as the load on an indenter is increased from a fixed minor load to a major load and then returned to a minor load (Procedure A). A Rockwell alpha (α) hardness number represents the maximum possible remaining travel of a short-stroke machine from the net depth of impression, as the load on the indenter is increased from a fixed minor load to a major load (Procedure B). Indenters are round steel balls of specific diameters. Rockwell hardness numbers are always quoted with a scale symbol representing the indenter size, load, and dial scale used. This test method is based on Test Methods E18. Procedure A (Section 11) yields the indentation of the specimen remaining 15 s after a given major load is released to a standard 10-kg minor load. Procedure B (Section 12) yields the indentation of the indenter into the specimen after a 15-s application of the major load while the load is still applied. Each Rockwell scale division represents 0.002-mm (0.00008-in.) vertical movement of the indenter. In practice, the Rockwell hardness number is derived from the following relationship:  
     where:
  HR  =  the Rockwell hardness number, and   e  =  the depth of impression after removal of the major load, in units of 0.002 mm. This relation only holds for the E, M, L, R, and K scales.    
4.2 A Rockwell hardness number is directly related to the indentation hardness of a plastic material, with the higher the reading the harder the material. An α hardness number is equal to 150 minus the instrument reading. Due to a short overlap of Rockwell hardness scales by Procedure A, two different dial readings on different scales may be obtained on the same material, both of which may be technically correct.  
4.3 For certain types of materials having creep and recovery, the time factors involved in applications of major and minor loads have a considerable effect on the results of the measureme...
SCOPE
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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