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ASTM C1240-12

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures

Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures

ABSTRACT
This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete and other systems containing hydraulic cement. The material shall composed of silica fume, mostly of amorphous silica. Test methods for chemical analysis, moisture content and loss on ignition, bulk density, specific surface, air entrainment of mortar, strength acitivity index, reactivity with cement alkalis, and sulfate resistance of silica fume shall conform to this specification. Physical tests shall include determining the specimen's density and the specific surface by utilizing the BET, nitrogen adsorption method. Silica fume shall be stored in such a manner as to permit easy access for the proper inspection and identification of each shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete and other systems containing hydraulic cement.  
1.2 In the cases of slurried or densified silica fume, perform the tests on the raw silica fume from which these products have been made.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portions, Sections 10-19, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Read the material safety data sheets for materials used.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2012
ICS
91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.24 - Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1240-11 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Replaced By
ASTM C1240-14 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
Effective Date
15-Feb-2014
Referred By
ASTM C125-21a - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1670/C1670M-23 - Standard Specification for Adhered Manufactured Stone Masonry Veneer Units
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1894-22 - Standard Guide for Microbially Induced Corrosion of Concrete Products
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1837-22 - Standard Specification for Production of Dry Cast Concrete Used for Manufacturing Pipe, Box, and Precast Structures
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1372-22 - Standard Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall Units
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1782/C1782M-23 - Standard Specification for Segmental Concrete Paving Slabs
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1623-22 - Standard Specification for Manufactured Concrete Masonry Lintels
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1697-21 - Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM E2129-18 - Standard Practice for Data Collection for Sustainability Assessment of Building Products
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C55-22 - Standard Specification for Concrete Building Brick
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1709-22 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1567-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM C387/C387M-23 - Standard Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Concrete and High Strength Mortar
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012

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ASTM C1240-12 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious MixturesASTM C1240-12 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
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REDLINE ASTM C1240-12 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious MixturesREDLINE ASTM C1240-12 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
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REDLINE ASTM C1240-12 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1240 −12
StandardSpecification for
1
Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C183Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of
Hydraulic Cement
1.1 This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete
C185Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
and other systems containing hydraulic cement.
Mortar
1.2 In the cases of slurried or densified silica fume, perform
C219Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement
thetestsontherawsilicafumefromwhichtheseproductshave
C311Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
been made.
Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
C430Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
45-µm (No. 325) Sieve
only.
C441TestMethodforEffectivenessofPozzolansorGround
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of
test methods portions, Sections 10-19, of this specification:
Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
C494/C494MSpecification for Chemical Admixtures for
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
Concrete
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
C604Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer
limitations prior to use.Readthematerialsafetydatasheetsfor
C670Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
materials used.
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
C1005Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
that provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical
notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as
Testing of Hydraulic Cements
requirements of this standard.
C1012Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-
Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
2. Referenced Documents
C1069Test Method for Specific SurfaceArea ofAlumina or
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Quartz by Nitrogen Adsorption
C109/C109MTest Method for Compressive Strength of
C1157Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube
C1437Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
Specimens)
C114Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
3. Terminology
Cement
3.1 Definitions:
C125Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
gregates
3.1.1 silica fume, n—very fine pozzolanic material, com-
C135Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory
posed mostly of amorphous silica produced by electric arc
Materials by Water Immersion
furnaces as a by-product of the production of elemental silicon
or ferro-silicon alloys (also known as condensed silica fume
and microsilica).
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3.1.2 silica fume, densified, n—silica fume processed to
C09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.
increase bulk density to facilitate handling and shipping.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2012. Published October 2012. Originally
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1240–11. DOI:
3.1.3 silica fume, undensified, n—silica fume in its raw, as
10.1520/C1240-12.
produced or as collected, unprocessed form.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.4 Other terms in this specification are defined in Termi-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. nologies C125 and C219.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1240−12
TABLE 2 Physical Requirements
4. Ordering Information
Oversize:
4.1 The purchaser shall specify any optional chemical or
A
Percent retained on 45-µm (No. 325), max, % 10
physical requirements.
Percent retained on 45-µm (No. 325), max variation from 5
B
average, percentage points
C
Accelerated pozzolanic strength activity index:
5. Chemical Composition
With portland cement at 7 days, min percent of control 105
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1240–11 Designation: C1240 – 12
Standard Specification for
1
Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete and other systems containing hydraulic cement.
1.2 In the cases of slurried or densified silica fume, perform the tests on the raw silica fume from which these products have
been made.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portions, Sections 10-19, of this specification: This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior
to use. Read the material safety data sheets for materials used.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C135 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Water Immersion
C183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of Hydraulic Cement
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement
C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the 45-m (No. 325) Sieve
C441 TestMethodforEffectivenessofPozzolansorGroundBlast-FurnaceSlaginPreventingExcessiveExpansionofConcrete
Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
C604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical Testing of
Hydraulic Cements
C1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
C1069 Test Method for Specific Surface Area of Alumina or Quartz by Nitrogen Adsorption
C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
C1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 silica fume, n—very fine pozzolanic material, composed mostly of amorphous silica produced by electric arc furnaces as
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and ConcreteAggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.24 on
Supplementary Cementitious Materials.
Current edition approved July 15, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1240-10a. DOI:
10.1520/C1240-11.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2012. Published October 2012. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1240–11. DOI:
10.1520/C1240-12.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1240 – 12
a by-product of the production of elemental silicon or ferro-silicon alloys (also known as condensed silica fume and microsilica).
3.1.2 silica fume, densified, n—silica fume processed to increase bulk density to facilitate handling and shipping.
3.1.3 silica fume, undensified, n—silica fume in its raw, as produced or as collected, unprocessed form.
3.1.4 Other terms
...

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1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in the practice.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitous mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to exposed skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1679-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Hydration Kinetics of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Isothermal Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal power curves are used to evaluate the isothermal hydration kinetics of the combined mixture of different materials during the early period after being mixed with water. These isothermal power curves, or hydration profiles, may provide indications relative to setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance and early strength development. The isothermal hydration profiles can also be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as curing temperature. Special care must be used in evaluating extended retardation with paste specimens, which have been shown to overestimate the retardation of some mixtures containing cement, SCM, and admixtures.  
5.2 This procedure can be used to measure the effect of chemical admixtures on the cement hydration profile. In many cases, the addition of chemical admixture changes the kinetics of cement hydration.  
5.3 Although this technique has been used historically to understand issues related to setting and slump loss, it must be emphasized that isothermal calorimetry results cannot predict concrete performance definitely, either positively or negatively. Extensive verification in concrete at planned dosages and temperatures, and at higher dosages, is needed. Isothermal calorimetry is an effective tool to identify sensitivities, so that concrete testing can be efficiently planned and performed.  
5.4 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.5 The procedure and apparatus can be used to monitor the thermal power from pastes and mortars alone or in combination with chemical admixtures.  
5.6 The isothermal calorimeter described here can be used to measure the thermal power and heat of hydration of mortars prepared independently or obtained by wet sieving from concrete in accordance with Practice C172/C1...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for measuring relative differences in hydration kinetics of hydraulic cementitious mixtures, either in paste or mortar (see Note 1), including those containing admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and other fine materials by measuring the thermal power using an isothermal calorimeter.
Note 1: Paste specimens are often preferred for mechanistic research when details of individual reaction peaks are important or for particular calorimetry configurations. Mortar specimens may give results that have better correlation with concrete setting and early strength development and are often preferred to evaluate different mixture proportions for concrete. Both paste and mortar studies have been found to be effective in evaluating concrete field problems due to incompatibility of materials used in concrete mixtures.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the measurement of heat of hydration. Heat of hydration can be determined according to Test Method C1702.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1709-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) covered under existing ASTM specifications are fly ash, slag cement, raw and calcined natural pozzolans including calcined clays, silica fume, and ground-glass pozzolan. The use of these materials, and limits established in existing specifications, are based on data obtained from research programs, field testing, and long term performance monitoring. Performance of SCM in specific concrete mixtures is commonly verified through preconstruction testing. This guide provides an approach to assessing the properties of materials that are not covered under existing specifications, and for assessing the performance of those materials in concrete.  
4.2 If an ASCM does not yet have a significant record of performance in concrete, a comprehensive evaluation based on this Guide should be undertaken, and it should be recognized that this ASCM might be introduced for a specific project or into a limited marketplace to initially demonstrate its performance. The user should bear in mind the intended end use of the ASCM and use appropriate test methods to establish its suitability. An ASCM that demonstrates good performance through a comprehensive evaluation as outlined in this guide could then be considered to have access to broader markets and could be considered for inclusion in an ASTM standard for SCM. For this reason, the test program to demonstrate acceptable performance should include concrete mixtures with a range of characteristics specific to the ASCM’s intended use.  
4.3 In the absence of long-term durability or acceptable field performance, prospective users are advised to apply appropriate risk management and engineering practice in the use of an ASCM.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a technical approach to the evaluation of alternative supplementary cementitious materials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that fall outside the scope of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. This guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensive evaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for its specific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria for all types of concrete mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in this guide should not imply that the material tested meets the requirements of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. These materials should not be represented as such and each specific source is to be evaluated separately.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1753/C1753M-21a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Early Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Thermal Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative early hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.2 Thermal profiles are used to evaluate the hydration behavior of hydraulic cementitious mixtures after the addition of water. They may provide indications concerning setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance, relative heat of hydration, and early strength development. They can be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as the initial mixture and test temperatures. Thermal profile testing is an effective tool for identifying performance sensitivities or trends, and may help to reduce the number of concrete test mixtures required to develop and qualify mixtures, especially those to be subject to variable ambient environments. It may be used by concrete producers, materials suppliers, and other practitioners to support mixture development, selection of material types or sources, optimization of proportions, or troubleshooting of field problems.  
5.3 This practice can be used to understand concrete problems related to slump loss, setting, and early strength, but results may not predict field concrete performance. Performance verification with concrete is needed to quantify the trends identified using thermal testing.  
5.4 This practice can be used to evaluate the effects of chemical admixtures on the thermal profiles of cementitious mixtures. This can be especially useful in selecting dosages appropriate for different ambient conditions.  
5.5 Thermal measurement testing as described in this practice may have similar significance and use as isothermal calorimetry described by Practice C1679 or some types of near-adiabatic calorimetry. The selection of which practice or methods to use may depend on specific applications and circumstances. The thermal profiles obtained by this practic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating relative differences in early hydration of hydraulic cementitious mixtures such as paste, mortar, or concrete, including those containing chemical admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and other finely divided materials, by measuring the temperature history of a specimen.  
1.2 Calorimetry is the measurement of heat lost or gained during a chemical reaction such as cement hydration; calorimetric measurements as a function of time can be used to describe and evaluate hydration and related early-age property development. Calorimetry may be performed under isothermal conditions (as described in Practice C1679) or under adiabatic or semi-adiabatic conditions. This practice cannot be described as calorimetry because no attempt is made to measure or compute the heat evolved from test specimens due to hydration, but it can in many cases be used for similar evaluations. Variables that should be considered in the application of this practice are discussed in the Appendix.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Warning: Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2  
1.5 This...

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ASTM
ASTM C1697-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers blended supplementary cementitious materials that result from the blending or intergrinding of two or three ASTM compliant supplementary cementitious materials, for use in concrete or mortar where hydraulic or pozzolanic action, or both, is desired. The supplementary cementitious materials include slag cement conforming to Specification C989/C989M, natural pozzolans and coal fly ash conforming to Specification C618 and silica fume conforming to Specification C1240.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials as separate additions or as a manufactured blend may significantly alter the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The user should be aware of these changes and is referred to the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice2 for information and guidelines. Specific reference is made to:    
ACI 232.1R  
Use of Natural Pozzolans in Concrete  
ACI 232.2R  
Use of Fly Ash in Concrete  
ACI 233R  
Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar  
ACI 234R  
Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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