ASTM D6172-98e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contours or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation Using Photogrammetric Procedures
Standard Test Method for Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contours or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation Using Photogrammetric Procedures
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures concerning site preparation, technical procedures, quality control, and equipment to direct the efforts for determining volumes of bulk material. these procedures include practical and accepted methods of volumetric determination.
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e1
Designation: D 6172 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contours
or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation
Using Photogrammetric Procedures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6172; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Editorial changes were made in Sections 9.9-9.14 in November 1998.
1. Scope 2.1.1 base map—a map showing the soil surface of a site
used for material storage including control monument locations
1.1 This test method covers procedures concerning site
and values and surface elevations.
preparation, technical procedures, quality control, and equip-
2.1.2 calibration forms/reports—equipment calibrations
ment to direct the efforts for determining volumes of bulk
performed by federal agencies or equipment manufacturers.
material. These procedures include practical and accepted
2.1.3 check panel—a target used for the sole purpose of
methods of volumetric determination.
marking a point on the surface of the stockpile whose value is
1.2 This test method allows for only two volume computa-
used to verify the setup of the stereo model.
tion methods.
2.1.4 check point—targeted points within the stockpile area
1.2.1 Contour Test Method—See 8.1.1 and 9.1.
for the purpose of checking the accuracy of the photogramme-
1.2.2 Cross-Section Test Method—See 8.1.2 and 9.2
try. Elevations are established by ground surveying at these
1.2.3 This test method requires direct operator compilation
points. Points should be evenly spaced at various different
for both contours and cross-section development.
elevations in the stockpile.
1.2.4 The use of Digital Terrain Model software and proce-
2.1.5 monument—a ground control point used to be a
dures to create contours or cross sections for volume calcula-
reference position of survey values.
tion is NOT encompassed in this test method.
2.1.6 peripheral material—material existing within the site
NOTE 1—A task group has been established to develop a test method for
that is above the recognized base and outside of the obvious
Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM) procedures. It will address all known
stockpile perimeter.
data collection procedures such as conventional ground survey, photo-
2.1.7 stereo report form—a formal document that displays
grammetry, geodetic positioning satellite (GPS), and so forth.
pertinent information required to evaluate and reestablish the
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
stereo model setup parameters.
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
2.1.8 stereo operator—a person who is trained and compe-
SI units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each
tent to make quality measurement observations from aerial
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system is used
photographs, using a stereo instrument, for the purpose of
independently of the other. Combining values from the two
creating volume computations.
systems can result in nonconformance with the specification.
2.1.9 stereo model—the overlapping area covered by two
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
adjacent aerial photographs used to create measurement obser-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
vation.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.1.10 ground control—surveyor provided xyz values of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
targets or specific points near the project area necessary to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
scale and level the stereo model.
2.1.11 sweeps—repetitive traverse of a pile, by equipment,
2. Terminology
to create a cleaner geometric shape.
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1.12 target—a geometric shape of contrasting color used
to mark a ground feature such as a monument, or check point
1 that otherwise would not be visible on the aerial photograph.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-5 on Coal and
Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on Physical 2.1.13 topographic map—a drawing that uses contours to
Characteristics of Coal.
define graphically the shape of a surface.
Current edition approved April 10, 1998. Published June 1998. Originally
published as D 6172–97. Last previous edition D 6172–97.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 6172
3. Summary of Test Method 7. Calibration and Standardization
3.1 Contour Test Method—The contour test method is the 7.1 Horizontal Variance—The ground control point value
horizontal slice method of determining volume. After creating and its plotted location on the topographic map, used for the
a new contour map of the pile, the cubic volume is computed volumetric determination, will be within 0.01 in. (0.002 54
by averaging the areas of adjacent contours and multiplying by mm) at map scale of its true position.
the vertical distance between them. See 9.1. 7.1.1 The horizontal placement of all planimetric features
3.2 Cross-Section Test Method—The cross-section test on the manuscript, including the contour lines, will be as
method is the vertical slice method of determining volume. follows: 90 % of all features will be placed to within 0.025 in.
Using elevations obtained in parallel lines across the surface (0.635 mm) of their true position at the original map scale, and
and base of the pile the cubic volume is computed by averaging the remaining 10 % will not exceed 0.05 in. (1.27 mm) of their
the areas of adjacent cross sections and multiplying by the true position at the original map scale as determined by test
horizontal distance between them. See 9.2. surveys.
7.1.2 Test surveys to determine the horizontal map accuracy
shall begin and end on one or more of the horizontal control
4. Significance and Use
points used for the photo control.
4.1 This test method audits the volume of material in a
7.1.3 The quality of any horizontal control or test survey
stockpile and is used with a density value to calculate a tonnage
line shall meet or exceed FGCC control standards for Second
calculation value used to compare the book value to the
Order Class 2 surveys.
physical inventory results. This test method is used to deter-
7.1.4 The quality and procedures of all photogrammetry
mine the volume of coal or other materials in a stockpile.
related operations shall be controlled as set forth in the Manual
of American Society of Photogrammetry and the Guidelines
5. Required Preproject Setup Data
for Aerial Mapping or their successors.
5.1 The following information is required from the owner to
7.2 Vertical Variance—The vertical control is to be within
conduct and evaluate the work effort properly:
0.1 ft (3.048 cm) of its true value.
5.1.1 Geographic location,
7.2.1 The vertical accuracy of all contours and spot eleva-
5.1.2 Report completion date,
tions shall be as follows: 90 % of all contours correct to within
5.1.3 Date, time, and preflight notification procedure,
⁄2 of a contour interval. The remaining 10 % are not to exceed
5.1.4 Size of overall stock area (length, width, height, and
one full contour interval. Ninety percent of all spot elevations
approximate volume),
shall be correct to within ⁄4 of a contour interval and the
5.1.5 Configuration (clean or rough),
remaining 10 % cannot exceed ⁄2 of a contour interval as
5.1.6 Type of base map (grid, flat, or contour),
determined by test surveys.
5.1.7 Number of piles and separate computations required,
7.2.2 Begin and end test surveys to determine the vertical
including the approximate number of surge piles and peripheral
map accuracy on one or more of the vertical control points used
material computations,
for the photo control.
5.1.8 The location of the pile in relation to cooling towers
7.2.3 The accuracy of any vertical ground control point or
and stacks,
test survey line shall meet or exceed FGCC control standards
5.1.9 The basic ground control configuration or who will
for Second Order Class 2 surveys.
establish required control,
7.2.4 Check panel values are withheld, requiring the map-
5.1.10 The placement of control and check panels and
ping firm to provide elevations for these test panels. Before
responsibility for placement,
performing, any stereo compilation of the check panels shall
5.1.11 The number of photographs, maps, and computations
agree within 0.3 ft (9.144 cm).
required by the owner as the final report.
7.2.5 The aerial camera has a calibration report from the
USGS Camera Calibration Laboratory that is current within
6. Apparatus
three years of flight date. Calibration requirements are as
follows (the following are published in SI units only):
6.1 Aircraft, fixed wing equipped for aerial photography
7.2.5.1 Calibrated Focal Length—153 6 3 mm.
missions and carrying a Code One Air Space Avionics.
7.2.5.2 Radial Distortion—No reading shall exceed 10 um.
6.2 Aerial camera, first order, precision, cartographic cam-
One half of all readings shall be less than 6 um.
era for obtaining photography usable for mapping and having
7.2.5.3 Resolving Power—Average weighted area resolu-
a U.S. Geologic Survey calibration report date within the last
tion (AWAR) shall not be less than 60 um.
three years.
7.2.5.4 Magazine platen does not depart from a true plane
6.3 Stereo-plotting instrument, optic train analog, or ana-
by more than 13 μm.
lytical instrument equipped with encoders and interfaced with
a three-axis digitizer, computer collection with storage capa-
bility, having a certificate of calibration less than three years
old, issued by a manufacturer trained technician. When the
Manual of American Society of Photogrammetry, 410 Governor Lane, Suite
cross section is used, the instrument shall have an electronic or
210B, Bethesda, MD 20814–2160.
mechanical cross-section guide device that locks the operator
Guidelines for Aerial Mapping, U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of
on specific cross sections. Highways, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
D 6172
7.2.5.5 Model Flatness—Spread shall not exceed 30 μm base surface elevations can change as a result of many factors,
(sum of the largest plus and minus readings) with a maximum it is important to monitor base surfaces such as suggested in
reading of 18 μm at any one point. Note 5.
7.2.5.6 Black-and-white high-speed or color film shall be 8.2.1 Test Method 1—Use elevations taken from points on a
used.
grid map or a contour map correct within 3 in. (7.62 cm) and
7.2.5.7 Filters commensurate with film types and atmo- on the same horizontal and vertical datum as the control used
spheric conditions are used.
for the mapping. Use this base data for all future inventories. If
7.3 Stereo compilation instruments shall be recalibrated such data is not available, a postpile base can be compiled
within three years of use and calibration forms provided. using one of the test methods described in 8.2.2 or 8.2.3.
7.4 Stereo model report forms shall be used to record the 8.2.2 Test Method 2—Select an elevation commensurate
setup parameters including the control point residuals before with the average ground level (flat base) and use as a constant
compilation and the model setup caliper readings necessary to for all future volume determinations.
reset the model. This will include before and after compilation 8.2.3 Test Method 3—Use the toe of slope at the base
analysis. Include a copy of the model report form in the volume
around the perimeter of the pile area creating an assumed base.
report. Connect open-ended contours by a straight line to establish the
7.5 Model setups shall be checked by a second qualified
base contours. Use this base for all future inventories except
individual before compilation. A second qualified individual when the perimeter of the pile becomes larger, in which case,
shall check completed models before volume calculations.
extend the expanded ends of the base contours to include the
7.6 Minimum standards for photo-control point residuals expanded area.
shall be within 0.2 ft (6.096 cm) vertically and 0.5 ft (15.24
NOTE 4—Since 8.2.2 and 8.2.3 are assumed procedures, the first
cm) horizontally. The SI values reflected are to correct conver-
inventory using either test method can create a difference from the actual
sion.
volume. All succeeding inventories using the same base will reflect
relative pile volumes.
8. Procedure
8.3 Observe potential base changes and notify the owner.
8.1 Material and Site Preparation:
NOTE 5—Developing new base data or monitoring base in a stockpile
8.1.1 Smooth all pile surfaces, separate all piles of differing
can be achieved by drilling and measuring areas under the pile and the use
materials, creating more uniform geometric shapes, to result in
of ground surveys or aerial photography for exposed areas of the base
increased precision of computed volumes. Smooth the pile
around the stockpile. In that stockpiles can settle into the base, periodic
surface making directional sweeps parallel to the stockpile
boring checks can be made to ascertain base stability. Rotate boring
baseline when using the cross-section test method.
locations, to achieve better random sampling of the base elevations, in
subsequent inventories. Split spoon sampling procedures are considered
8.1.2 Compute and make part of the report peripheral
more accurate for determining vertical locations than the small diameter
material volumes.
auger procedure.
8.1.3 Separate material of differing types with a line of
material, of a contrasting color, unless the separation is a
8.3.1 Report any base undercutting observed during the
visible slope break.
inventory and recommend base map corrections. Update the
8.1.4 Outline foreign material contained within the stock-
base maps during planned or known pile depletion times.
pile limits with a white line and notify the contractor.
8.3.2 Use the same or updated base data for future inven-
tories, since valid base data is paramount to correct volume
NOTE 2—The use of a toe of slope delineation between stockpile and
calculations.
peripheral material is expedient and recommended since a stereo operator
can precisely define it. 8.4 Ground Control:
8.4.1 Establish ground control reference points and values
8.1.5 Do not mark stockpiles or photographs to show the
for determining the scale and vertical datum of the resultant
separation of materials hav
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