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ASTM E1182-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Surface Layer Thickness by Radial Sectioning (Withdrawn 2002)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Surface Layer Thickness by Radial Sectioning (Withdrawn 2002)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the radial sectioning technique 2,3,4  for measurement of the thickness of thin surface layers, made by a wide variety of processes, on metals, alloys, carbides, and oxides.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of a wide variety of surface layer types where the interface between the layer and substrate is discernible by natural color or reflectivity differences or by means of color or reflectivity differences due to etching or staining.  
1.3 This test method does not pertain to layer thickness measurements made by analysis of compositional variations.  
1.4 This test method deals only with the recommended test method and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any coating method.  
1.5 The measurement values stated are in the metric system, as defined in Standard E380.  
1.6  This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-Dec-2001
Withdrawal Date
10-Nov-2002
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
E04 - Metallography
Drafting Committee
E04.14 - Quantitative Metallography
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1182-93(1998) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Surface Layer Thickness by Radial Sectioning
Effective Date
10-Dec-2001

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ASTM E1182-01 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Surface Layer Thickness by Radial Sectioning (Withdrawn 2002)ASTM E1182-01 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Surface Layer Thickness by Radial Sectioning (Withdrawn 2002)
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ASTM E1182-01 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Surface Layer Thickness by Radial Sectioning (Withdrawn 2002)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 1182 – 01
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Surface Layer Thickness by Radial
1
Sectioning
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1182; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
6
1. Scope E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
6
E407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
1.1 This test method covers the radial sectioning tech-
2,3,4
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
nique for measurement of the thickness of thin surface
7
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
layers, made by a wide variety of processes, on metals, alloys,
F110 Test Method for Thickness of Epitaxial or Diffused
carbides, and oxides.
Layers in Silicon by the Angle Lapping and Staining
1.2 Thistestmethodisapplicabletomeasurementofawide
8
Technique
variety of surface layer types where the interface between the
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
layerandsubstrateisdiscerniblebynaturalcolororreflectivity
7
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
differences or by means of color or reflectivity differences due
to etching or staining.
3. Terminology
1.3 This test method does not pertain to layer thickness
3.1 Definitions:
measurements made by analysis of compositional variations.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, see
1.4 This test method deals only with the recommended test
TerminologyE7.
method and nothing in it should be construed as defining or
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
establishing limits of acceptability for any coating method.
3.2.1 arcuic trigonometric measurement—method for mea-
1.5 Themeasurementvaluesstatedareinthemetricsystem,
suring the thickness of a surface layer using a radial cut of
as defined in Practice E380.
radius R through the layer into the substrate and measurement
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of the widths of the cut at the top of the layer and at the
safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility
layer-substrate interface.
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
3.2.2 radial sectioning—amachiningprocedureforproduc-
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
ing a precise groove on the surface of a sample to a depth
limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements,
below the layer interface, that is, through a surface layer into
see Section 7.
the substrate, using a line or spot spindle of known radius.
2. Referenced Documents 3.3 Symbols:
3.3.1 x—thickness of the surface layer.
2.1 ASTM Standards: t
3.3.2 R—radius of the machined groove.
B487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide
3.3.3 W — width of the groove at the layer-substrate
Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of a 2
5
interface.
Cross Section
3.3.4 C—correlation factor to correct for the deflection of
the spindle when the spindle contacts the specimen.
1
3.3.5 W — width of the groove at the top surface.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on 1
Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.14 on Quanti-
3.3.6 n—number of fields measured
tative Metallography.
3.3.7 s—standard deviation
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2001. Published January 2002. Originally
3.3.8 95%CI—confidence interval
published as E1182–87. Last previous edition E1182–93 (1998).
2
3.3.9 t—a multiplier related to the number of fields exam-
Happ, W. W., and Shockley, W., “Diffusion Depths in Silicon Measured by
Using Cylindrical Grooves,” Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Series II,
inedandusedinconjunctionwiththestandarddeviationofthe
Vol 1, 1956, p. 382.
measurements to determine the 95% CI.
3
McDonald, B., and Goetzuberger,A., “Measurement of the Depth of Diffused
LayersinSiliconbytheGroovingMethod,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society,
Vol 109, February 1962, pp. 141–144.
4 6
Whitelam, F. E., “Using Radial Sectioning to Measure Thin Layers,” Metal Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
7
Progress, Vol 127, March 1985, pp. 45, 46, 49, and 50. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
5 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.05.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
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ASTM E1182-93(1998)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Surface Layer Thickness by Radial Sectioning

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1.1 This test method covers the radial sectioning technique 2,3,4  for measurement of the thickness of thin surface layers, made by a wide variety of processes, on metals, alloys, carbides, and oxides.  
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1.4 This test method deals only with the recommended test method and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any coating method.  
1.5 The measurement values stated are in the metric system, as defined in Standard E380.  
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5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples, surface treatments, and lubricants by CFT and in their resistance to adhesive wear. Since adhesive wear is a complex phenomenon and stochastic in nature, it is essential to evaluate surfaces to confirm the presence of adhesion.  
5.2 This test method should be considered when evaluating the impact of changes in a process or application that is prone to adhesive wear, including any combination of scoring, galling, and plowing. These modes of failure commonly occur under sliding contact, at high contact stress, and, when applicable, at lubricant starvation.  
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1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the coefficient of friction (COF) and resistance of materials to adhesion under flat sliding using the twist compression test (TCT). This test method ranks material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricant combinations by COF and their resistance to adhesion.  
1.2 The time until adhesion for the materials under the test conditions are reported and used to quantify the tribocouple’s adhesion resistance and susceptibility to galling or scuffing. Systems of higher adhesion resistance will give longer time until failure.  
1.3 The coefficient of friction values averaged between the test reaching full test pressure and the time of the onset of adhesion or the end of tests run for a predetermined time period are recorded. Systems are ranked by their average coefficients of friction before adhesion occurs.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard except psi and pounds in Table 1.  
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5.1 The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance.  
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1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 20° and 30°, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.  
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2),2 the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.  
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4.1 Measurement of the thickness of a coating is essential to assessing its utility and cost.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers infrared thermometers, which are electronic instruments intended for the intermittent measurement and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor. The specification addresses the assessment of the subject's internal body temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Though, performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided. Limits are set for laboratory accuracy, and determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments are required. Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are all established herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electronic instruments intended for intermittent measuring and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The specification addresses assessing subject’s body internal temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided.  
1.3 The specification sets limits for laboratory accuracy and requires determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments.  
1.4 Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are established.
Note 1: For electrical safety, consult Underwriters Laboratory Standards.2
Note 2: For electromagnetic emission requirements and tests, refer to CISPR 11: 1990 Lists of Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Disturbance Characteristics of Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Radiofrequency Equipment.3  
1.5 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.  
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3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged.  
3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (3–4)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.  
3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition was added to this terminology standard or last revised.  
3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listings should be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another ASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard.  
3.5 In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a great many terms were relocated to conform to the recommendation of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) that listings be in spoken word order. In general, there are no cross-references between the old and new listings, except where a special function is served. An example of such a special function is to list all terms relating to a given basic quantity, for example, all terms defining various ...
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1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).  
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Standard Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes three operational steps necessary to ensure accurate coating thickness measurement: calibration, verification and adjustment of coating thickness measuring gages, as well as proper methods for obtaining coating thickness measurements on both ferrous and non-ferrous metal substrates.  
4.2 Many specifications for commercial and industrial coatings projects stipulate a minimum and a maximum dry film thickness for each layer in a coating system. Additionally, most manufacturers of high performance coatings will warranty coating systems based upon, in part, achieving the proper thickness of each layer and the total coating system. Even if a project specification is not provided, the coating manufacturer’s recommendations published on product data sheets can become the governing document(s). Equipment manufacturers produce nondestructive coating thickness testing gages that are used to measure the cumulative or individual thickness of the coating layers, after they are dry. The manufacturers provide information for the adjustment and use of these gages, normally in the form of operating instructions. The user of this equipment must be knowledgeable in the proper operation of these devices, including methods for verifying the accuracy of the equipment prior to, during and after use as well as measurement procedures.
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1.1 This practice describes the use of magnetic and eddy current gages for dry film thickness measurement. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for the manual operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, the advantages and limitations of coating thickness gages, and a description of test specimens. It describes the methods and recommended frequency for verifying the accuracy of gages and for adjusting the equipment and lists the reporting recommendations.  
1.2 These procedures are not applicable to coatings that will be readily deformed under the load of the measuring gages/probes, as the gage probe must be placed directly on the coating surface to obtain a reading. Provisions for measuring on soft or tacky coatings are described in 5.7.  
1.3 Coating thickness can be measured using a variety of gages. These gages are categorized as “magnetic pull-off” and “electronic.” They use a sensing probe or magnet to measure the gap (distance) between the base metal and the probe. This measured distance is displayed as coating thickness by the gages.  
1.4 Coating thickness can vary widely across a surface. As a result, obtaining single-point measurements may not accurately represent the actual coating system thickness. SSPC-PA 2 prescribes a frequency of coating thickness measurement based on the size of the area coated. A frequency of measurement for coated steel beams (girders) and coated test panels is also provided in the appendices to SSPC-PA 2. The governing specification is responsible for providing the user with the minimum and the maximum coating thickness for each layer, and for the total coating system.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM G65-16(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape, and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this practice these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 3). The value of the practice lies in predicting the relative ranking of various materials of construction in an abrasive environment. Since the practice does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the dry sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this test method to produce data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.  
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres for the particular test procedure specified. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss.  
Note 1: In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1 mm3 = 6.102 × 10−5 in.3.  
1.3 This test method covers five recommended procedures which are appropriate for specific degrees of wear resistance or thicknesses of the test material.  
1.3.1 Procedure A—This is a relatively severe test which will rank metallic materials on a wide volume loss scale from low to extreme abrasion resistance. It is particularly useful in ranking materials of medium to extreme abrasion resistance.  
1.3.2 Procedure B—A short-term variation of Procedure A. It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when the volume–loss values developed by Procedure A exceeds 100 mm3.  
1.3.3 Procedure C—A short-term variation of Procedure A for use on thin coatings.  
1.3.4 Procedure D—This is a lighter load variation of Procedure A which is particularly useful in ranking materials of low-abrasion resistance. It is also used in ranking materials of a specific generic type or materials which would be very close in the volume loss rates as developed by Procedure A.  
1.3.5 Procedure E—A short-term variation of Procedure B that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or low-abrasion resistance.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G75-15(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Miller Number5 is an index of the relative abrasivity of slurries. Its primary purpose is to rank the abrasivity of slurries in terms of the wear of a standard reference material. The wear damage on the standard wear block is worse as the Miller Number gets higher.  
5.2 The SAR Number is an index of the relative abrasion response of materials as tested in any particular slurry of interest. The SAR Number is a generalized form of the Miller Number applicable to materials other than the reference material used for the Miller Number determination. A major purpose is to rank construction materials for use in a system for pumping and fluid handling equipment for a particular slurry. It can also be used to rank the abrasivity of various slurries against any selected construction material other than the reference material specified for a Miller Number determination. The slurry damage on the specimen of material being tested is worse as the SAR Number gets higher.  
5.3 Experience has shown that slurries with a Miller Number or a SAR Number of approximately 50 or lower can be pumped with minor abrasive damage to the system. Above a number of 50, precautions must be observed and greater damage from abrasion is to be expected. Accordingly, the Miller Number and the SAR Number provide information about the slurry or the material that may be useful in the selection of pumps and other equipment and to predict the life expectancy of liquid-end parts of the pumps involved.  
5.4 The SAR Number can be used to determine the most suitable materials for certain slurry systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a single laboratory procedure that can be used to develop data from which either the relative abrasivity of any slurry (Miller Number) or the response of different materials to the abrasivity of different slurries (SAR Number), can be determined.  
1.2 The test data obtained by this procedure is used to calculate either a number related to the rate of mass loss of duplicate standard-shaped 27 % chromium iron wear blocks when run for a period of time in the slurry of interest (Miller Number), or to calculate a number related to the rate of mass loss (converted to volume loss) of duplicate standard-shaped wear specimens of any material of interest when run for a period of time in any slurry of interest (SAR Number).  
1.3 The requirement for a finished flat wearing surface on the test specimen for a SAR Number test may preclude application of the procedure where thin (0.051 mm to 0.127 mm), hard, wear-resistant coatings will not allow for surface finishing. The 6 h total duration of the SAR Number Test may not allow establishment of a consistent rate-of-mass-loss of the unfinished surface.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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