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ASTM D5298-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory filter papers as passive sensors to evaluate the soil matric (matrix) and total potential (suction), a measure of the free energy of the pore-water or tension stress exerted on the pore-water by the soil matrix (1, 2)². The term potential or suction is descriptive of the energy status of soil water.
1.2 This test method controls the variables for measurement of the water content of filter paper that is in direct contact with soil or in equilibrium with the partial pressure of water vapor in the air of an airtight container enclosing a soil specimen. The filter paper is enclosed with a soil specimen in the airtight container until moisture equilibrium is established; that is, the partial pressure of water vapor in the air is in equilibrium with the vapor pressure of pore-water in the soil specimen.
1.3 This test method provides a procedure for calibrating different types of filter paper for use in evaluating soil matric and total potential.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pounds units given in parentheses are approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2003
ICS
13.080.05 - Examination of soils in general
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.04 - Hydrologic Properties and Hydraulic Barriers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5298-94 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper (Withdrawn 2003)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D5298-10 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010

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ASTM D5298-03 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5298–03
Standard Test Method for
1
Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5298; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
4
tivity of Water
1.1 This test method covers laboratory filter papers as
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-
passive sensors to evaluate the soil matric (matrix) and total
4
ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
potential (suction), a measure of the free energy of the
D2325 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationships
pore-water or tension stress exerted on the pore-water by the
2 for Coarse- and Medium-Textured Soils by Porous-Plate
soil matrix (1, 2) . The term potential or suction is descriptive
64
Apparatus
of the energy status of soil water.
D3152 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationships
1.2 This test method controls the variables for measurement
6
forFine-TexturedSoilsbyPressure-MembraneApparatus
of the water content of filter paper that is in direct contact with
4
soil or in equilibrium with the partial pressure of water vapor
D4542 Test Method for Pore Water Extraction and Deter-
intheairofanairtightcontainerenclosingasoilspecimen.The
mination of the Soluble Salt Content of Soils by Refrac-
filter paper is enclosed with a soil specimen in the airtight
3
tometer
container until moisture equilibrium is established; that is, the
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying
partial pressure of water vapor in the air is in equilibrium with
Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
the vapor pressure of pore-water in the soil specimen.
7
Construction Materials Testing
1.3 This test method provides a procedure for calibrating
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
different types of filter paper for use in evaluating soil matric
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
and total potential.
8
peratures)
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
E832 Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers
standard. The inch-pounds units given in parentheses are
approximate.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 Refer toTerminology D653 for standard definitions of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
terms.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.1 atmosphere—a unit of pressure equal to 76 cm Mer-
2. Referenced Documents cury or 101 kPa at 0°C.
3
3.2.2 matric (matrix) suction, hm (kPa)—the negative pres-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sure (expressed as a positive value), relative to ambient
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
4
atmospheric pressure on the soil water, to which a solution
Cement
identical in composition with the soil water must be subjected
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
5
in order to be in equilibrium through a porous permeable wall
Fluids
with the soil water; pressure equivalent to that measured by
Test Methods D2325 and D3152. Matric suction is a function
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
of the relative humidity due to the difference in air and water
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic
pressure across the water surface; the relative humidity or
Properties.
watervaporpressuredecreasesastheradiusofcurvatureofthe
Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originally
approvd in 1992. Discontinued December 2002 and reinstated as D5298 – 03. DOI:
10.1520/D5298-03.
2
The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at the
6
end of the text. Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01. on www.astm.org.
4 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
5 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5298–03
water surface decreases. The term “matric” is grammatically 5.2 Soil suction is related with soil water content through
correct,whilematrixiscommonlyusedinthecivilengineering water retention ch
...

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4.1 Intact block samples are suitable for laboratory tests where large-sized samples of intact material are required or where such sampling is more practical than conventional tube sampling (Practices D1587/D1587M and D6519), or both.  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Soil suction is a measure of the free energy of the pore-water in a soil. Soil suction in practical terms is a measure of the affinity of soil to retain water and can provide information on soil parameters that are influenced by the soil water; for example, volume change, deformation, and strength characteristics of the soil.  
5.2 Soil suction is related with soil water content through water retention characteristic curves (see Test Methods D6836). Soil water content may be determined using Test Method D2216.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory filter papers as passive sensors to evaluate the soil matric and total potential (suction), a measure of the free energy of the pore-water or tension stress exerted on the pore-water by the soil matrix (1, 2).2 The term potential or suction is descriptive of the energy status of soil water.  
1.2 This test method controls the variables for measurement of the water content of filter paper that is in direct contact with soil or in equilibrium with the partial pressure of water vapor in the air of an airtight container enclosing a soil specimen. The filter paper is enclosed with a soil specimen in the airtight container until moisture equilibrium is established; that is, the partial pressure of water vapor in the air is in equilibrium with the vapor pressure of pore-water in the soil specimen.  
1.3 This test method provides a procedure for calibrating different types of filter paper for use in evaluating soil matric and total potential.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.  
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4.1 This standard provides guidance in determining the most appropriate procedures for packaging and shipping environmental samples. Use of this guide by personnel involved in packaging and shipping environmental samples will facilitate safe, effective and compliant procedures.  
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5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia's sorption affinity for given solutes in environmental waters or leachates. A large number of samples may be run in parallel using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24 h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial, light, or hydrolytic degradation which may be a problem in longer timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.  
5.2 While this test method may be useful in determining 24 h Kd values for nonvolatile organic constituents, interlaboratory testing has been carried out only for the nonvolatile inorganic species arsenic and cadmium (see Section 12). However, the procedure has been tested for single-laboratory precision with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is believed to be useful for all stable and nonvolatile inorganic and organic constituents. This test method is not considered appropriate for volatile constituents.  
5.3 The 24 h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd; however, the calculated Kd value should be considered a non-equilibrium measurement unless steady-state has been determined. To report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18, and 22 h) to ensure that the soluble concentrations in the solution have reached a steady state by 24 h. If a test duration of greater than 24 h is required, refer to Test Method D4319 for an alternate procedure of longer duration.
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1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2993-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Potential Hazard in Buildings as a Result of Methane in the Vadose Zone

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Several different factors should be taken into consideration when evaluating methane hazard, rather than, for example, use of a single concentration-based screening level as a de-facto hazard assessment level. Key variables are identified and briefly discussed in this section. Legal background information is provided in Appendix X3. The Bibliography includes references where more detailed information can be found on the effect of various parameters on gas concentrations.  
5.2 Application—This guide is intended for use by those undertaking an assessment of hazards to people and property as a result of subsurface methane suspected to be present based on due diligence or other site evaluations (see 6.1.1).  
5.2.1 This guide addresses shallow methane, including its presence in the vadose zone; at residential, commercial, and industrial sites with existing construction; or where development is proposed.  
5.3 This guide provides a consistent, streamlined process for deciding on action and the urgency of action for the identified hazard. Advantages include:  
5.3.1 Decisions are based on reducing the actual risk of adverse impacts to people and property.  
5.3.2 Assessment is based on collecting only the information that is necessary to evaluate hazard.  
5.3.3 Available resources are focused on those sites and conditions that pose the greatest risk to people and property at any time.  
5.3.4 Response actions are chosen based on the existence of a hazard and are designed to mitigate the hazard and reduce risk to an acceptable level.  
5.3.5 The urgency of initial response to an identified hazard is commensurate with its potential adverse impact to people and property.  
5.4 Limitations—This guide does not address potential hazards from other gases and vapors that may also be present in the subsurface such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and/or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may co-occur with methane. If the presence of hydrogen sulfide or other...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a consistent basis for assessing methane in the vadose zone, evaluating hazard and risk, determining the appropriate response, and identifying the urgency of the response.  
1.2 Purpose—This guide covers techniques for evaluating potential hazards associated with methane present in the vadose zone beneath or near existing or proposed buildings or other structures (for example, potential fires or explosions within the buildings or structures), when such hazards are suspected to be present based on due diligence or other site evaluations (see 6.1.1). Buildings in this context include normal below grade utilities associated with a building.  
1.3 Objectives—This guide: (1) provides a practical and reasonable industry standard for evaluating, prioritizing, and addressing potential methane hazards based on mass flow and (2) provides a tool for screening out low-risk sites.  
1.4 This guide offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service should be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM International consensus process.  
1.5 Not addressed by this guide are:  
1.5.1 Requirements or guidance or both with respect to methane sampling or evaluation in federal, state, or local regulations. Users are cautioned that federal, state, and local guidance may impose specific requirements that differ from those of this guide;  
1.5.2 Safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this sta...

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ASTM
ASTM E3361-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Estimating Natural Attenuation Rates for Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Guidance on management of NAPL sites and a large body of research effort contributing to their development (for example, ITRC 2018 (1); CRC CARE 2018 (2); CL:AIRE 2019 (3) and CRC CARE 2020 (4)) point to the significance of natural attenuation and NSZD in the evolution of NAPL source and the resulting distributions of COCs in soil, groundwater and vapor.  
4.2 Examples of reported ranges in estimated natural attenuation rates are 300 – 7700 gallons of NAPL/acre/year (Garg et al. 2017 (5)); and 0.4 – 280 metric tons of NAPL/year (CRC CARE 2020 (4)).  
4.3 The intent of this guide is to provide a standardized approach for the estimation of natural attenuation rates for NAPL in the subsurface. The rates can be used for establishing a baseline metric for those involved in the remedial decision-making process. There is a need for a systematic approach and refinement in data collection and interpretation for quantifying the spatially and temporally variable rates. Providing quality assurance in estimation of this metric will enable the assessment of relatively more engineered remedies as compared to natural remedies or MNA (Fig. 1), as well as estimation of the remediation timeframe. This comparison, when performed through a standardized approach, can lead to actionable metrics for transition to sustainable remedies through well-defined and transparent criteria. In the context of a spectrum of remediation options in terms of engineered and natural remedies (Fig. 1), the transition is from a relatively more engineered (or active remediation) to a relatively more nature-based remedy. When considered in the remedial decision-making process, estimates of natural attenuation rates can be used:  
4.3.1 Before active remediation (as baseline to assess whether active remediation is needed);  
4.3.2 During active remediation (as performance/optimization metric); and  
4.3.3 At the end of active remediation (support transition to MNA or site closure).  
4.4 Since natural ...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriate method or combination of methods for the estimation of natural attenuation or depletion rates at sites with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination in the subsurface. This guide builds on a number of existing guidance documents worldwide and incorporates the advances in methods for estimating the natural attenuation rates.  
1.2 The guide is focused on hydrocarbon chemicals of concern (COCs) that include petroleum hydrocarbons derived from crude oil (for example, motor fuels, jet oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils) and other hydrocarbon NAPLs (for example, creosote and coal tars). While much of what is discussed may be relevant to other organic chemicals, the applicability of the standard to other NAPLs, like chlorinated solvents or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is not included in this guide.  
1.3 This guide is intended to evaluate the role of NAPL natural attenuation towards reaching the remedial objectives and/or performance goals at a specific site; and the selection of an appropriate remedy, including remediation through monitoring of natural or enhanced attenuation, or the remedy transition to natural mechanisms. While the evaluation can support some aspects of site characterization, the development of the conceptual site model and risk assessment, it is not intended to replace risk assessment and mitigation, such as addressing potential impact to human health or environment, or need for source control.  
1.4 Estimation of NAPL natural attenuation rates in the subsurface relies on indirect measurements of environmental indicators and their variation in time and space. Available methods described in this standard are based on evaluation of biogeochemical reactions and physical transport processes combined with data analysis to infer and quantify the natural attenuation rates for NAPL present in the vadose and/or saturated zones.  
1.5...

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