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ASTM D7269/D7269M-17

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Aramid Yarns

Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Aramid Yarns

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid yarns and cords are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.  
5.2 Because the force-bearing ability of a reinforced product is related to the strength of the yarn or cord used as a reinforcing material, breaking force is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of textile reinforced products. When needed to compare intrinsic strength characteristics of yarns or cords of different sizes or different types of fiber, breaking tenacity is very useful because, for a given type of fiber, breaking force is approximately proportional to linear density.  
5.3 Elongation of yarn or cord is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.  
5.4 The FASE is used to monitor changes in characteristics of the textile material during the various stages involved in the processing and incorporation of yarn or cord into a product.  
5.5 Modulus is a measure of the resistance of yarn or cord to extension as a force is applied. It is useful for estimating the response of a textile reinforced structure to the application of varying forces and rates of stretching. Although modulus may be determined at any specified force, initial modulus is the value most commonly used.  
5.6 Work-to-break is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Breaking toughness is work-to-break per unit mas...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of aramid yarns, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabrics woven from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard includes the following test methods:    
Section  
Breaking Force  
11  
Breaking Tenacity  
12  
Breaking Toughness  
17  
Elongation at Break  
13  
Force at Specified Elongation (FASE)  
14  
Linear Density  
10  
Modulus  
15  
Stress at Break  
12  
Work-to-Break  
16  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jul-2017
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.19 - Industrial Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7269/D7269M-11 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Aramid Yarns
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
Replaced By
ASTM D7269/D7269M-20 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Aramid Yarns
Effective Date
01-Feb-2020
Referred By
ASTM D8395-23 - Standard Specification for Aramid Fiber for Asphalt Mixtures
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D7744/D7744M-20 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of High Performance Polyethylene Films
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D6477-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics
Effective Date
15-Jul-2017

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ASTM D7269/D7269M-17 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Aramid YarnsASTM D7269/D7269M-17 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Aramid Yarns
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REDLINE ASTM D7269/D7269M-17 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Aramid YarnsREDLINE ASTM D7269/D7269M-17 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile Testing of Aramid Yarns
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7269/D7269M − 17
Standard Test Methods for
1
Tensile Testing of Aramid Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7269/D7269M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of aramid 2.1 ASTM Standards:
yarns, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabrics woven from D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
only and include no specifications or tolerances. ber) by the Skein Method
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D3800 Test Method for Density of High-Modulus Fibers
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Related Properties of Textiles
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
D6587 Test Method for Yarn Number Using Automatic
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
Tester
with the standard.
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-
1.3 This standard includes the following test methods:
tallic Materials
Section
Breaking Force 11
3. Terminology
Breaking Tenacity 12
Breaking Toughness 17
3.1 Definitions:
Elongation at Break 13
3.1.1 slippage, n—with tensile testing, insufficient quality of
Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) 14
clamping, resulting in movement of the test material through
Linear Density 10
Modulus 15 the total clamping surface. This can be visualized by the
Stress at Break 12
movement of markers at the clamp exit, or by sudden changes
Work-to-Break 16
in the strain-modulus curves (1st derivative of the strain-stress
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
curve).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
aramid, breaking force, breaking tenacity, breaking toughness,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
chord modulus, elongation, force at specified elongation
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(FASE), industrial yarn, initial modulus, moisture equilibrium
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
for testing, standard atmosphere for testing textiles, work-to-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
break.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.3 For definitions of terms related to force and deformation
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
in textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.4 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, refer to
Terminology D123.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial
2
Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published October 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7269/D7269M–11. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
DOI: 10.1520/D7269_D7269M-17.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7269/D7269M − 17
4. Summary of Test Method 5.8 If there are differences of practical significance between
reported test results for two laboratories (or more), compara-
4.1 These test methods are used to determine the tensile
tive tests should be performed to determine if there is a
properties of aramid yarns or cords.
statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assis-
4.2 Aconditioned or oven-dried specimen of aramid yarn or
tance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as
cord is clamped in a tensile testing machine and then stretched
homogeneous as possible, th
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7269/D7269M − 11 D7269/D7269M − 17
Standard Test Methods for
1
Tensile Testing of Aramid Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7269/D7269M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of aramid yarns, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabrics woven from such
cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some
other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard includes the following test methods:
Section
Breaking Strength (Force) 11
Breaking Tenacity 12
Breaking Toughness 17
Elongation at Break 13
Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) 14
Linear Density 10
Modulus 15
Work-to-Break 16
Section
Breaking Force 11
Breaking Tenacity 12
Breaking Toughness 17
Elongation at Break 13
Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) 14
Linear Density 10
Modulus 15
Stress at Break 12
Work-to-Break 16
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
D1909 Standard Tables of Commercial Moisture Regains and Commercial Allowances for Textile Fibers
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers and
Metallic Reinforcements.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011July 15, 2017. Published June 2011October 2017. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20102011 as
D7269/D7269M–10.–11. DOI: 10.1520/D7269_D7269M-11.10.1520/D7269_D7269M-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7269/D7269M − 17
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D3800 Test Method for Density of High-Modulus Fibers
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D6587 Test Method for Yarn Number Using Automatic Tester
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 slippage, n—with tensile testing, insufficient quality of clamping, resulting in movement of the test material through the
total clamping surface. This can be visualized by the movement of markers at the clamp exit, or by sudden changes in the
strain-modulus curves (1st derivative of the strain-stress curve).
3.1.2 zero twist, n—twistless, devoid of twist.
3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard: industrial yarn, aramid, breaking force, breaking tenacity, breaking
toughness, chord modulus, elongation, force at specified elongation (FASE), industrial yarn, initial modulus, moisture equilibrium
for testing, aramid, zero twist, standard atmosphere for testing textiles.textiles, work-to-break.
3.3 For definitions of terms relate
...

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5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM D6612-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number Variability Using Automated Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Test Method D6612 also is used for the quality control of filament yarns.  
5.3 Indices of Variability:  
5.3.1 Coefficient of Variation—%CV is a standard statistical calculation and is the most common index of yarn unevenness. For most textile applications in the 80 to 330 dtex (70 to 300 denier) range, a 1.0 to 1.3 %CV is adequate. %CV of yarns coarser than 666 dtex (600 denier) is not routine and usually not meaningful. %CV is less discriminating that %DS.  
5.3.2 Bad/Good Test—%BGT...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarn number up to 4000 dtex (3600 denier) and related variability properties of filament and spun yarns using an automated tester with capability for measuring mass variability characteristics.  
1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.  
Note 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907. For another method of measuring variability (unevenness) in yarn, refer to Test Method D1425.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
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1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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