ASTM C1356-07(2020)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Quantitative Determination of Phases in Portland Cement Clinker by Microscopical Point-Count Procedure
Standard Test Method for Quantitative Determination of Phases in Portland Cement Clinker by Microscopical Point-Count Procedure
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a relatively simple and reliable microscopical means of measuring the phase abundance of portland cement clinker (Note 1). Microscopical point counting provides a direct measure of the clinker phase composition in contrast to the calculated Bogue phase composition (Note 2).
Note 1: This test method utilizes a reflected light microscope. Related methods such as transmitted light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and automated imaging techniques may also be used for clinker analysis but are not presently included in this test method.
Note 2: This test method allows direct determination of the proportion of each individual phase in portland cement clinker. This test method is intended to provide an alternative to the indirect estimation of phase proportion using the equations in Specification C150/C150M (footnote C in Table 1 and footnote B in Table 2).
5.2 This test method assumes the operator is qualified to operate a reflected light microscope and the required accessories, is able to correctly prepare polished sections and use necessary etchants, and is able to correctly identify the constituent phases.
5.3 This test method may be used as part of a quality control program in cement manufacturing as well as a troubleshooting tool. Microscopic characterization of clinker phases may also aid in correlating cement properties and cement performance in concrete, to the extent that properties and performance are a function of phase composition.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a systematic procedure for measuring the percentage volume of the phases in portland cement clinker by microscopy.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1356 − 07 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Quantitative Determination of Phases in Portland Cement
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Clinker by Microscopical Point-Count Procedure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 clinker phase, n—a physically and chemically distinct
1.1 This test method covers a systematic procedure for
optically identifiable portion of the clinker sample, including
measuring the percentage volume of the phases in portland
both principal phases (alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite),
cement clinker by microscopy.
minor phases (for example, free lime, periclase, and alkali
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
sulfates), and voids.
standard.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Voids, though not a phase in the sense
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of being a crystalline compound, are a distinct, identifiable
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
portion of a clinker microstructure.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2 voids, n—isolated or interconnected open areas in the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
clinker, also called pores.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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3.3 Principal Clinker Phases:
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.3.1 alite, n—crystallinetricalciumsilicate(C S),modified
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 3
incompositionandcrystalstructurebyincorporationofforeign
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ions; the crystals are pseudo-hexagonal with well-defined
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
faces, though less regular shapes commonly occur.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.3.2 aluminate, n—tricalcium aluminate (C A) modified in
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composition and crystal structure by incorporation of a sub-
2. Referenced Documents
stantial proportion of foreign ions; aluminate forms cubic
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2.1 ASTM Standards: crystals when relatively pure, and forms identifiable elongated
C150/C150MSpecification for Portland Cement crystals commonly called “alkali aluminate” when in solid
C219Terminology Relating to Hydraulic and Other Inor- solution with significant amounts of potassium or sodium, or
ganic Cements both.
C670Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
3.3.3 belite, n—crystalline dicalcium silicate (C S), modi-
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for Test Methods for Construction Materials
fied in composition and crystal structure by incorporation of
D75/D75MPractice for Sampling Aggregates
foreign ions; belite usually occurs as rounded crystals marked
D3665Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Ma-
by striations formed by cross sections of lamellae, and may
terials
occur as single crystals or in clusters.
3.3.4 ferrite, n—a solid solution of approximate composi-
3. Terminology
tion tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C AF) modified in composi-
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3.1 Definitions:
tion by variation in theAl/Fe ratio and by substantial incorpo-
3.1.1 For definitions of other terms relating to hydraulic
ration of foreign ions; ferrite is characterized by high
cements, refer to Terminology C219.
reflectivity in polished sections and is normally the only
strongly colored compound among the principal clinker
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ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC01onCement
phases.
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC01.23onCompositionalAnalysis.
3.3.4.1 Discussion—Aluminate and ferrite form most of the
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2020. Published February 2020. Originally
interstitial material between the silicate crystals and, under
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C1356–07(2012).
DOI: 10.1520/C1356-07R20.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
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¯
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on C=CaO,S=SiO,A=Al O,F=Fe O,S=SO ,M=MgO,N=Na O,and
2 2 3 2 3 3 2
the ASTM website. K=K O in cement chemistry notation.
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