ASTM D2276-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
Standard Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particulate contaminant in aviation turbine fuel using a field monitor.
1.2 There are two methods described. The basic method is used to evaluate the level of contamination gravimetrically. The second method, presented in Appendix X1, describes a color rating technique that is used for rapid qualitative assessment of changes in contamination level without the time delay required for the gravimetric determinations by stringent laboratory procedures.
1.3 There are two Annexes and two Appendixes in this test method.
1.3.1 Annex A1 provides some precautionary information regarding the use of the required reagents.
1.3.2 Annex A2 describes a standard practice for obtaining a sample of the particulates present in a flowing stream of aviation turbine fuel.
1.3.3 Appendix X1 describes a test method for rating the particulate level in an aviation turbine fuel on the basis of the color of a filter membrane after sampling the fuel in the field.
1.3.4 Appendix X2 provides some safety precautions to avoid static discharge resulting from the accumulation of electrical charges in the fuel and on the equipment while following the procedures.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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An American National Standard
Designation:D2276–00
Designation: 216/97
Standard Test Method for
Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with
established procedures.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particulate 2.1 ASTM Standards:
contaminant in aviation turbine fuel using a field monitor. D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.2 There are two test methods described. The basic test D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-
method is used to evaluate the level of contamination gravi- tem
metrically.Thesecondtestmethod,presentedinAppendixX1, D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
describes a color rating technique that is used for rapid D2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences
qualitative assessment of changes in contamination level with- from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
out the time delay required for the gravimetric determinations D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static
by stringent laboratory procedures. Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
1.3 There are twoAnnexes and twoAppendixes in this test D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination inAvia-
method. tion Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
1.3.1 Annex A1 provides some precautionary information
3. Terminology
regarding the use of the required reagents.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3.2 Annex A2 describes a standard practice for obtaining
a sample of the particulates present in a flowing stream of 3.1.1 membrane color, n—avisualratingofparticulateona
aviation turbine fuel. filter membrane against ASTM Color Standards.
3.1.2 membrane filter, n—a porous article of closely con-
1.3.3 Appendix X1 describes a test method for rating the
particulate level in an aviation turbine fuel on the basis of the trolled pore size through which a liquid is passed to separate
matter in suspension.
color of a filter membrane after sampling the fuel in the field.
1.3.4 Appendix X2 provides some safety precautions to 3.1.2.1 Discussion— RR: D02-1012 contains information
on membrane filters that meet the requirements therein.
avoid static discharge resulting from the accumulation of
electrical charges in the fuel and on the equipment while 3.1.3 monitor, n—something that reminds or warns.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—A plastic holder for a membrane filter
following the procedures.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the held in a field sampling apparatus.
3.1.4 particulate, adj—of or relating to minute separate
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. particles.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Solids generally composed of oxides,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the silicates, and fuel insoluble salts.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.2.1 volatile fuels, n—relatively wide boiling range vola-
tile distillate.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
PetroleumProductsandLubricants andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
D02.J0 on Aviation Fuels. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published August 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
published as D2276–64T. Last previous edition D2276–99. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
D2276–00
NOTE 1—Matchedweightmembranefilters, 37-mmdiameter,nominal
3.2.1.1 Discussion—These are identified as Jet B in Speci-
pore size 0.8 µm, may be used as test and control membrane filters if so
fication D1655 or the military grade known as JP-4.
desired. Use of matched-weight membrane filters precludes the necessity
for carrying out subsequently the procedures detailed in Section 8.
4. Summary of Test Method
6.8 Dispenser for Flushing Fluid,0.45-µmmembranefilters
4.1 Aknownvolumeoffuelisfilteredthroughapreweighed
to be provided in the delivery line (see Fig. 1).
test membrane filter in a field monitor and the increase in
6.9 Field Monitors, complete with protective plugs and
membrane filter mass determined after washing and drying.
34-mm support pads.
The change in mass of a control membrane filter located
6.10 Air Ionizer, for the balance case (see Note 2 and Note
immediatelybelowthetestmembranefilterisalsodetermined.
3).
The particulate contaminant is determined from the increase in
mass of the test membrane filter relative to the control
NOTE 2—When using a solid-pan balance, the air ionizer may be
membrane filter.
omitted provided that, when weighing a membrane filter, it is placed on
4.2 This test method employs a field monitor to filter a
the pan so that no part protrudes over the edge of the pan.
sample of fuel that is taken in the field by the sampling NOTE 3—Airionizersshouldbereplacedwithin1yearofmanufacture.
procedure detailed in Test Method D5452.
6.11 Multimeter/VOM, used for determining whether elec-
4.3 For situations where it is not possible to take a field
trical continuity is 10 V or less between 2 points.
monitor sample, procedures are given in Test Method D5452
6.12 Flushing Apparatus, of the type shown in Fig. 2.It
for the determination of particulate contaminant in a fuel
consists of a receiving flask large enough to contain the
sample by laboratory filtration.
flushing fluid and shall be equipped with a side arm to connect
4.4 Appendix X1 describes a method for color-rating used
to the vacuum system. Reagent resistant tubing shall be
filter membranes.
arrangedtoallowpassageofagroundingwire.Anassemblyof
reagent grade resistant tubing and bung fitted with a glass tube
5. Significance and Use
shall be assembled as shown in Fig. 2 to attach to a field
5.1 Thistestmethodprovidesagravimetricmeasurementof
monitor.
the particulate matter present in a sample of aviation turbine
6.13 Ground/Bond Wire, Nos. 10 through 19, (0.912 to 2.59
fuel by line sampling. The objective is to minimize these
mm)barestrandedflexiblestainlesssteelorcopperinstalledin
contaminants to avoid filter plugging and other operational
the flask and grounded as shown in Fig. 2.
problems. Although tolerable levels of particulate contami-
nants have not yet been established for all points in fuel
7. Reagents
distribution systems, the total contaminant measurement is
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
normally of most interest. The Appendix X1 color rating
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
method is useful for fuel system monitoring purposes. No
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
quantitative relationship exists between gravimetric and color
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,
rating test results.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Analytical Balance, single- or double-pan, the precision
standard deviation of which must be 0.07 mg or better.
6.2 Oven, of the static type (without fan-assisted air circu-
lation), controllable to 90 6 5°C.
6.3 Petri Dishes, approximately 125 mm in diameter with
removable glass supports for membrane filters.
6.4 Forceps, flat-bladed with unserrated, non-pointed tips.
6.5 Vacuum System.
7,8
6.6 Test Membrane Filters, plain, 37-mm diameter,
nominal pore size 0.8 µm (see Note 1).
7,8
6.7 Control Membrane Filters, 37-mmdiameter,nominal
pore size 0.8 µm. (Gridded control membrane filters may be
used for purpose of identification.)
All available membrane filters are not suitable for this application. Apparatus
considered for this application shall be checked by the user for suitability in
accordance with the requirements of RR:D02-1012, 1994 revision.
A list of suppliers who have provided data indicating their membranes, field
monitors, and field monitor castings are in accordance with the requirements of
RR:D02-1012 is available fromASTM Headquarters.To obtain the research report,
data, and list of suppliers request RR:D02-1012, 1994. FIG. 1 Dispenser for Flushing Liquid
D2276–00
8.1.2 Placethepetridishwithitslidslightlyajar,inanoven
at 90 6 5°C and leave it for 30 min.
8.1.3 Remove the petri dish from the oven and place it near
the balance. The petri dish cover should be ajar but still
protecting the membrane filters from contamination from the
atmosphere.Allow 30 min for the membrane filters to come to
equilibrium with the ambient air temperature and humidity.
8.1.4 Remove the control membrane filter from the petri
dish with forceps, handling by the edge only, and place it
centrallyontheweighingpan.Weighitandreturnittothepetri
dish.
8.1.5 Repeat 8.1.4 for the test membrane filter. Record the
membrane filter masses.
8.1.6 Take a clean field monitor, mark for identification,
rinsewithfilteredflushingfluid,andinsertacleansupportpad.
8.1.7 Using clean forceps, place the weighed control mem-
FIG. 2 Flushing Apparatus
branefiltercentrallyonthesupportpadinthefieldmonitorand
place the weighed test membrane filter on top of the control
membrane filter. Assemble the two parts of the field monitor,
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
ensuring that the membrane filters are firmly clamped inside
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
and the protective plugs are in position.
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
8.1.8 Record the monitor identification.
accuracy of the determination.
7.2 Purity of Water—Unlessotherwiseindicatedreferences 9. Sampling
to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined
9.1 When possible, 3.785 L (1 gal) to 5 L of fuel
by Type III of Specification D1193.
(Warning—Jet A, combustible. Vapor harmful. See A1.4.)
7.3 Isopropyl Alcohol, reagent grade. (Warning—
(Warning—Jet B, extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled.
Flammable. See A1.1.)
Vapors may cause flash fire. See A1.4.) should be passed
7.4 Liquid Detergent, water-soluble.
throughthemonitorduringfieldsampling.Thesamplevolume
7.5 Flushing Fluids:
actuallyemployedshallbereported.SeeAnnexA2forspecific
7.5.1 Petroleum Spirit (also known as petroleum ether or IP
details of sampling practices.
Petroleum Spirit 40/60) ( Warning—Extremely flammable.
10. Preparation of Apparatus
Harmful if inhaled. Vapors are easily ignited by electrostatic
discharges, causing flash fire. SeeA1.2.), having boiling range
10.1 Follow the procedure utilizing the apparatus shown in
from 35 to 60°C.
Fig. 2. Alternative apparatus may be used provided that it
achieves the same end.
8. Preparation of Test and Control Membrane Filters
10.1.1 Wash the petri dishes and supports with warm water
and Field Monitors Prior to Sampling
containing detergent. Then rinse with warm water and finally
8.1 Two 37-mm membrane filters of nominal pore size 0.8 with distilled water.
10.1.2 Rinse thoroughly with filtered isopropyl alcohol.
µmarerequired:atestandacontrolmembranefilter.Matched-
weightmembranefiltersmaybeusedifsodesired(seeNote1). 10.1.3 Rinse thoroughly with filtered flushing fluid.
10.1.4 Drain for a few seconds, and then air or oven dry.
If matched-weight membrane filters are used, it is unnecessary
tocarryouttheproceduresdetailedinthissectionbecausethey 10.2 Ensure that all glass and plastic tubing attached to the
solvent filtering dispenser is clean by flushing thoroughly with
have been carried out previously by the membrane filter
filtered flushing fluid.
supplier. The two membrane filters used for each individual
test should be identified by marking the petri dishes used as
11. Procedure
containers. Glassware used in preparation of membrane filters
11.1 Assemble the apparatus shown in Fig. 2 with the field
shall be cleaned as described in Section 10.
monitor in place on the stopper of the vacuum flask.
8.1.1 Using forceps, place the test and control membrane
filters side by side in a clean petri dish. To facilitate handling
NOTE 4—Take care to ensure that monitors are tightly closed and
the membrane filters should rest on clean glass support rods in preferably clamped. Spring paper clips have been found suitable for this
purpose.
the petri dish.
11.2 Place the tip of the delivery spout of the solvent
filtering dispenser in direct contact with the monitor inlet hole.
Introduce filtered flushing fluid.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
11.3 Apply vacuum to the flask and allow approximately
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
250 mL of filtered flushing fluid to pass from the solvent
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
filtering dispenser through the monitor and into the vacuum
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD. flask.
D2276–00
11.4 Remove the solvent filtering dispenser and slowly 13.3 Repeatability— The difference between successive
release the vacuum. results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
11.5 Remove the monitor from the stopper of the vacuum under constant operating conditions on identical test material
flask and carefully dismantle it in an upright position. would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
11.6 Carefullyremovethetestandcontrolmembranefilters, the test method, exceed the following values in only one case
and place side by side on clean glass supports in a clean, in twenty:
covered petri dish.
Range Repeatability
0.0 to 2.0 mg/L 0.175x + 0.070
NOTE 5—The test and control membrane filters can be removed from
where x is the average value of two results.
themonitorbypushingupwardsagainstthesupportpadthroughtheoutlet
orifice with a thin dowel. 13.4 Reproducibility— The difference between two single
and independent results obtained by different operators work-
11.7 Dry and reweigh the membrane filters as described in
ing in different laborato
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