ASTM D4700-15
(Guide)Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone (Withdrawn 2024)
Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone (Withdrawn 2024)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Chemical analyses of liquids, solids, and gases from the vadose zone can provide information on the presence, possible source, migration route, and physical-chemical behavior of contaminants. Remedial or mitigating measures can be formulated based on this information. This guide describes devices and procedures that can be used to obtain vadose zone soil samples.
5.2 Soil sampling is useful for the reasons presented in Section 1. However, it should be recognized that the general method is destructive, and that resampling at an exact location is not possible. Therefore, if a long term monitoring program is being designed; other methods for obtaining samples should be considered.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures that may be used for obtaining soil samples from the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). Samples can be collected for a variety of reasons including the following:
1.1.1 Stratigraphic description,
1.1.2 Hydraulic conductivity testing,
1.1.3 Moisture content measurement,
1.1.4 Moisture release curve construction,
1.1.5 Geotechnical testing,
1.1.6 Soil gas analyses,
1.1.7 Microorganism extraction,
1.1.8 Pore liquid evaluation, or
1.1.9 Laboratory chemical analysis identifying contaminant types and concentrations within soils.
1.2 Guides D6169 on Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices and D6282 on Drilling methods for Environmental Site Characterization provide subsequent supplemental information to the contents of this standard.
1.2.1 Direct Push Soil Sampling (Guide D6282) and Sonic Drilling for Site Characterization (Practice D6914) are used extensively for environmental soil sampling in the Vadose zone.
1.2.1.1 Subsurface explorations are documented in accordance with D5434 on Logging of Subsurface Explorations.
(1) Soil core may require processing using Practice D6640 on Collection and Handling of Soil Cores for Environmental Explorations.
1.3 This guide focuses on methods that provide soil samples for chemical analyses of the soil or contained liquids or contaminants. However, comments on how methods may be modified for other objectives are included.
1.4 This guide does not describe sampling methods for lithified deposits and rocks (for example, sandstone, shale, tuff, granite).
1.5 In general, it is prudent to perform all field work with at least two people present. This increases safety and facilitates efficient data collection.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service m...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4700 − 15
Standard Guide for
1
Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This standard was developed in 1991 and has not undergone a technical revision. Since that time,
many other guides and practices were developed in the response to the need for improved
environmentalexplorationmethods.TherearenewguidesforSoilandRocksamplingandMechanical
Drilling. New Direct Push and Sonic methods were developed. The revision of this standard will add
all the new related standards but there will not be significant additions or deletions to the original
content. The user will be directed to the related standards.
1. Scope 1.4 Soil core may require processing using Practice D6640
on Collection and Handling of Soil Cores for Environmental
1.1 This guide covers procedures that may be used for
Explorations.
obtaining soil samples from the vadose zone (unsaturated
1.5 Thisguidefocusesonmethodsthatprovidesoilsamples
zone). Samples can be collected for a variety of reasons
including the following: for chemical analyses of the soil or contained liquids or
contaminants. However, comments on how methods may be
1.1.1 Stratigraphic description,
1.1.2 Hydraulic conductivity testing, modified for other objectives are included.
1.1.3 Moisture content measurement,
1.6 This guide does not describe sampling methods for
1.1.4 Moisture release curve construction,
lithified deposits and rocks (for example, sandstone, shale, tuff,
1.1.5 Geotechnical testing,
granite).
1.1.6 Soil gas analyses,
1.7 In general, it is prudent to perform all field work with at
1.1.7 Microorganism extraction,
least two people present. This increases safety and facilitates
1.1.8 Pore liquid evaluation, or
efficient data collection.
1.1.9 Laboratory chemical analysis identifying contaminant
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
types and concentrations within soils.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
1.2 Guides D6169 on Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
Devices and D6282 on Drilling methods for Environmental
and are not considered standard.
Site Characterization provide subsequent supplemental infor-
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
mation to the contents of this standard.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2.1 Direct Push Soil Sampling (Guide D6282) and Sonic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Drilling for Site Characterization (Practice D6914) are used
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
extensively for environmental soil sampling in the Vadose
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
zone.
1.10 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-
1.3 Subsurface explorations are documented in accordance
tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
with D5434 on Logging of Subsurface Explorations.
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
1
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
Vadose Zone Investigations.
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015. Published March 2015. Originally
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4700 – 91 (2006).
DOI: 10.1520/D4700-15. document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4700 − 15
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this 3.2.2 sludge—a water charged sedimentary deposit.
document means only that the document has been approved 3.2.2.1 Discussion—The water-formed sedimentary deposit
through the ASTM consensus process. may include all suspended solids carried by the water and trace
elementsthatwereinsolutioninthewater.Sludgeusuallydoes
2. Referenced Documents
not coher
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4700 − 91 (Reapproved 2006) D4700 − 15
Standard Guide for
1
Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This standard was developed in 1991 and has not undergone a technical revision. Since that time,
many other guides and practices were developed in the response to the need for improved
environmental exploration methods. There are new guides for Soil and Rock sampling and Mechanical
Drilling. New Direct Push and Sonic methods were developed. The revision of this standard will add
all the new related standards but there will not be significant additions or deletions to the original
content. The user will be directed to the related standards.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers procedures that may be used for obtaining soil samples from the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). Samples
can be collected for a variety of reasons including the following:
1.1.1 Stratigraphic description,
1.1.2 Hydraulic conductivity testing,
1.1.3 Moisture content measurement,
1.1.4 Moisture release curve construction,
1.1.5 Geotechnical testing,
1.1.6 Soil gas analyses,
1.1.7 Microorganism extraction, or
1.1.8 Pore liquid and soils chemical analyses.evaluation, or
1.1.9 Laboratory chemical analysis identifying contaminant types and concentrations within soils.
1.2 Guides D6169 on Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices and D6282 on Drilling methods for Environmental Site
Characterization provide subsequent supplemental information to the contents of this standard.
1.2.1 Direct Push Soil Sampling (Guide D6282) and Sonic Drilling for Site Characterization (Practice D6914) are used
extensively for environmental soil sampling in the Vadose zone.
1.3 Subsurface explorations are documented in accordance with D5434 on Logging of Subsurface Explorations.
1.4 Soil core may require processing using Practice D6640 on Collection and Handling of Soil Cores for Environmental
Explorations.
1.5 This guide focuses on methods that provide soil samples for chemical analyses of the soil or contained liquids or
contaminants. However, comments on how methods may be modified for other objectives are included.
1.6 This guide does not describe sampling methods for lithified deposits and rocks (for example, sandstone, shale, tuff, granite).
1.7 In general, it is prudent to perform all field work with at least two people present. This increases safety and facilitates
efficient data collection.
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and Vadose
Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved July 1, 2006Feb. 1, 2015. Published August 2006March 2015. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 19982006 as
ε1
D4700 – 91 (2006). (1998) . DOI: 10.1520/D4700-91R06.10.1520/D4700-15.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4700 − 15
1.10 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace
the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied
without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the
document has been approved through the ASTM consensus proces
...
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