ASTM E1464-92(1999)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Developing Energy Monitoring Protocols for Commercial and Institutional Buildings or Facilities
Standard Guide for Developing Energy Monitoring Protocols for Commercial and Institutional Buildings or Facilities
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes a methodological approach to developing protocols for collecting empirical building or facility energy performance data.
1.2 The methodological approach covered in this guide is appropriate for commercial and institutional buildings or facilities, and with some adaptations, the approach can also be used for larger multifamily buildings or small industrial buildings or facilities.
1.3 This guide does not specify a complete project or experimental design, the hardware or software needed for data collection and data management, or the data analysis techniques to be used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:E1464–92 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Guide for
Developing Energy Monitoring Protocols for Commercial
and Institutional Buildings or Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1464; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope can make a crucial difference in the value of project results
relative to the expense.
1.1 This guide describes a methodological approach to
4.2 Increasing the widespread understanding of how energy
developing protocols for collecting empirical building or
is used and the types of services it provides in commercial,
facility energy performance data.
institutional, and related (light industrial, large multifamily,
1.2 The methodological approach covered in this guide is
and mixed commercial/residential) buildings has proved to be
appropriate for commercial and institutional buildings or
difficult. This difficulty arises from the following variables: the
facilities, and with some adaptations, the approach can also be
complexity of buildings as energy systems; the diversity of
used for larger multifamily buildings or small industrial build-
sizes, uses, schedules, and types of buildings; the changes in
ings or facilities.
uses of buildings; and the mixture of uses within individual
1.3 This guide does not specify a complete project or
buildings. These factors make building energy performance
experimental design, the hardware or software needed for data
and energy (and dollar) savings from energy improvements
collection and data management, or the data analysis tech-
difficult to categorize and compare.
niques to be used.
4.3 The audience for this guide is diverse, including energy
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
suppliers such as utilities, building owners and managers,
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
building occupants, designers, public and private research
only.
organizations, equipment manufacturers, and public regulators.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.4 The user of this guide must be familiar with the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fundamental techniques of engineering project management
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and energy performance data collection, data management, and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
data analysis. See Refs (1-4) for a discussion of techniques
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
related to the collection and analysis of energy performance
2. Referenced Documents data.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Procedure
E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
5.1 Because initial goals and objectives often lead to exces-
3. Terminology
sive costs for field data collection, an iterative approach to
project development is usually necessary. Once the goals and
3.1 Definitions: Terms related to buildings and facilities in
objectives are defined, costs for completing the project can be
this guide are defined in Terminology E 631.
estimated. If the costs are too high, the goals and objectives are
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
redefined (next iteration) to attempt to achieve more realistic
3.2.1 building—generally used in this guide to refer to
costs, and further iterations are conducted as necessary.
either a building or a facility.
5.2 Project Development Activities:
4. Significance and Use
5.2.1 Identify project goals, objectives, questions to be
answered by the project, and constraints such as the available
4.1 The collection of empirical data to determine building
budget. This activity should always be conducted early in
energy performance is an important but complex and costly
project development.
activity. Careful development of energy monitoring projects
5.2.2 Specify the minimum data products and the desired
project output.The data needed to answer the project questions
or meet specific objectives must be identified. The data
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-6 on Performance
of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E6.25 on Overall
Performance of Buildings.
Approved April 15, 1992. Published June 1992. The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11. this guide.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1464
manipulations or calculations necessary to provide the desired (2) Time-independent data include specific items of interest
results should be identified. If possible, desired formats for the necessary to define the project, such as descriptive data of the
presentation of data results should be developed. The nature of building or data on the costs of installing an energy-saving
the minimum expected final output should be defined. device. Projects should not proceed unless project developers
establish a reasonably concrete procedure for describing the
5.2.3 Choose an experimental design that is appropriate for
buildings in the project. See Refs (1-3) for guidance in these
the project to be conducted (1-3). The design is influenced by
areas. Users must be careful to avoid the problem caused by
choices between the number of buildings to be monitored and
defining a building by the Standard Industrial Classification
the potential ability of the data collected to define the energy
(SIC) code (8) of the company that occupies the building. The
performance of interest. Increasing the number of buildings
improves the potential usefulness of statistical measures of functionofthecompanymaybemanufacturingsteel,whilethe
function of the building is to be an office. Good practice for
performance but also increases the cost. Increasing the mea-
surementofphysicalquantitiesmayimprovetheunderstanding protocol guiding the collection of building energy performance
data would dictate that the building be treated as an office, but
of events in individual buildings, but it also increases the cost.
Tradeoffs between costs and measurements may begin as the use of the SIC code could mistakenly identify the building as
an industrial building.
experimental design is being developed.
5.2.4 Develop data management procedures that can handle 5.2.7 Resolveinconsistenciesbetweendesires(goals,objec-
the (typically) large amounts of data collected. Computer tives, project questions, and desired data) and realistic expec-
resources are required to handle the data reasonably; some tations for accomplishments, including resource and time
evaluation of required computer resources should therefore be constraints and uncertainties concerning the correct methods to
conducted. The required computer resources depend on the use. At this point, project developers must be able to state the
volume of data to be collected, the methods used to determine ramifications of resource limitations; to compare options avail-
the data quality, and the methods used to analyze the data. All able for conducting the project within the available resources
data should be stored on computer media, and good quality or with incremental resources; and to determine final goals,
assurancepracticesincludestoringarchivecopiesofthedatain
objectives, project questions, and project output for the differ-
morethanonelocationincaseoffire.Methodsfordetermining ent options. If uncertainties in methods (especially data pro-
data quality should be computer-based. Data quality should be
cessing or analysis methods) are great at this point, larger-scale
examined as soon as possible after the data are collected to
projects should usually be preceded by pilot-scale projects to
determine whether quality problems have arisen. Data ar-
permit exploratory investigation or the tuning of potential
chiving procedures should facilitate use of the chosen analysis
methods to meet project needs. Uncertainties in data results,
methods or computer programs, which means that the formats
such as plus or minus percents at the 90 or 95 % confidence
required for analysis should be determined so that little data
level, should be quantified to the extent possible and stated as
reprocessingisrequired.Dataarchivingproceduresshouldalso
part of the expected project output.
be well documented so that the data can be understood easily
5.2.8 Design a detailed project. Once realistic project goals,
by analysts and good data transfer procedures (see Appendix
objectives, questions to be answered, and data output and
X2) can be followed.
formats are defined, the detailed project design begins in
5.2.5 Specify minimum data analysis procedures (see Refs
earnest. The usual project planning and management methods
(4-7) for examples and guidance). The analysis procedures
can be used here. Tasks are identified and assigned to appro-
chosen will often affect the field data that must be collected.
priate organizations or personnel. Final hardware selection or
The specification should include the identification of analytical
adjustments are made. It may be necessary to recruit partici-
models, data reduction techniques, error analysis, and desired
pants for the project. Data collection methods and schedules
final output from the analysis to at least meet the requirements
are developed. Data verification and quality assurance proce-
of 5.2.2. If the experimental design requires, sample sizes
dures, as well as data recording methods and formats, are
should be selected and the impacts of sample sizes on overall
developed. Maintenance requirements are identified and a
costs evaluated. Consideration should be given to the likeli-
maintenance plan designed. If possible, methods for dealing
hood that advances in analytical methods will occur over the
with changes over time in the building must be identified and
course of the project, which means that these minimum
tested. An analysis plan is designed; analyses must include
analysis procedures may require yearly review.
both initial analysis or verification of data for reasonableness
5.2.6 Specify the field data to be collected, based on an and accuracy and ongoing analysis of data that are received
interactiveconsiderationofrequiredinputsforspecificanalysis (for error-checking, at a minimum, and final analysis of the
methods and a definition of the building circumstances, con- overall results). An example of some of the detailed project
ditions, or influences of interest. Data are of two major types: design considerations for one type of energy monitoring
time-dependent and time-independent. project (measurement of end use energy for a sample of
approximately 50 buildings in the service territory of a specific
(1) Time-dependent data include weather and energy con-
electric utility) is given in Appendix X1.
sumption data. Users must be careful that times are recorded
consistently throughout the project for all parts of a project. 5.2.9 Conduct the project. As stated in 1.2, details are not
Problems can arise when switching between daylight and provided here. So many details exist concerning projects for
standardtimeandwhenprojectsspanmorethanonetimezone. collecting building energy performance data that volumes can
All times should be recorded in standard time. andhavebeenwrittenonthesubject.Developersandmanagers
E1464
of projects should understand that analysis of project data is 6.4.1.1 Typical experimental designs include on-off, before-
necessary to develop results, which is the purpose for conduct- after, test-reference, simulated occupancy, nonexperimental
ing the project. A primary failing of many projects is that data reference, and engineering field test (see 5.2.3).
collectionispermittedtotakeonalifeofitsownattheexpense
6.4.1.2 The analysis approach is described by recording the
of the analysis. Analysis should proceed during the project as
degree to which the data should be detailed, the modeling
a quality assurance measure and should continue after the data
methods used for the energy data, and the form or type of the
collection is complete. Because projects may take years to
model (or equations) used to describe building or system
complete, the potential evolution in data analysis methods
performance. Any calculations or methods used to account for
during this time may cause adjustments in final methods or
performance variations caused by changes in building charac-
reporting requirements (see 5.2.5). A commitment to some
teristics (if any) are also recorded.
continuing analysis of project data can often enhance overall
6.4.2 Basic Analysis Results of the Energy Monitoring—
project results significantly.
Energy use indexes should always be reported. The annual
2 2
energyuseintensity,EUI(MJ/m offloorarea(kBtu/ft )),isan
6. Report
example of a simple index. The EUI based on the total amount
6.1 For basic reporting of the project results, include the
of all fuels used in a building should be the minimum value
following information:
reported. If possible, the EUIs for heating, cooling, lighting, or
6.1.1 Project or Program Description—General informa-
other end uses that are expected to be measured by the energy
tion, including identification of the project or program, the
monitoring project or affected by energy improvements made
reason it was conducted, and improvements made to the
during the project should also be reported. If improvements are
buildings or systems studied;
made affecting heating or cooling, the annual building perfor-
6.1.2 Data Management Procedures—General description
mance index, BPI, should be calculated and reported. BPI is
of the methods used to archive the data, to determine data
2 2
expressed in MJ/m -DD (kBtu/ft -DD), where the following
quality,topreparethedataforanalysis,andtoperformthedata
must be specified: nature of the energy quantity (MJ), the floor
analyses;
area used (m ), and the nature of the DD (degree days). If
6.1.3 Analysis Methods and Results—Summary of analysis
possible, any other performance index that is helpful in
(evaluation) methods, experimental design, and project results;
interpreting the results should also be reported.Typical electric
6.1.4 Performance Data—Summaries of monthly (billing)
demand values (for example, peak kW) can also be provided,
data, submetred or detailed energy consumption data, demand
when appropriate, for interpreting project results and when
data (if included), and temperature and weather data; and
ava
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.