ASTM D3087-91(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Operating Performance of Anion-Exchange Materials for Strong Acid Removal
Standard Test Method for Operating Performance of Anion-Exchange Materials for Strong Acid Removal
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used for evaluating performance of commercially available anion-exchange materials regardless of the basic strength of the ion exchange groups. When previous operating history is known, a good interpretation of resin fouling or malfunction can be obtained by comparison against a reference sample of unused ion-exchange material evaluated in the same way.
While resistivity has been chosen as the preferred analytical method for defining the exhaustion end point, with titration as the alternative, it is understood that observation of pH during rinse and the service run can yield useful information. The variations in pH observed with an ion exchange material suspected of having degraded, can be helpful in interpretation of performance when compared with similar data for a reference sample of unused material exhausted in the same way.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the operating capacity of anion-exchange materials when used for the removal of hydrochloric and sulfuric acid from water. It is designed to simulate operating conditions for strong acid removal and is intended for use in testing both new and used materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note .
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D3087 − 91 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Operating Performance of Anion-Exchange Materials for
Strong Acid Removal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3087; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope sample in the form of a bed in a transparent column. The
exhaustion medium used is an ion-exchange test water.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the oper-
ating capacity of anion-exchange materials when used for the
5. Significance and Use
removal of hydrochloric and sulfuric acid from water. It is
designed to simulate operating conditions for strong acid
5.1 Thistestmethodcanbeusedforevaluatingperformance
removal and is intended for use in testing both new and used
of commercially available anion-exchange materials regardless
materials.
of the basic strength of the ion exchange groups. When
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
previous operating history is known, a good interpretation of
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for resin fouling or malfunction can be obtained by comparison
information only.
against a reference sample of unused ion-exchange material
evaluated in the same way.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.2 While resistivity has been chosen as the preferred
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
analytical method for defining the exhaustion end point, with
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
titration as the alternative, it is understood that observation of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
pH during rinse and the service run can yield useful informa-
tion. The variations in pH observed with an ion exchange
2. Referenced Documents
material suspected of having degraded, can be helpful in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
interpretationofperformancewhencomparedwithsimilardata
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
for a reference sample of unused material exhausted in the
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
same way.
tivity of Water
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
6. Apparatus
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2687 PracticesforSamplingParticulateIon-ExchangeMa-
6.1 Test Assembly (see Fig. 1), consisting of the following:
terials
6.1.1 Column, transparent, vertically supported, 25.4 6
2.5-mm (1.0 6 0.1-in.) inside diameter and approximately 1.5
3. Terminology
m (60 in.) long. The bottom of the column shall be closed and
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
provided with an outlet of approximately 6-mm ( ⁄4-in.) inside
method, refer to Terminology D1129.
diameter. Connections shall be provided at the top and bottom
4. Summary of Test Method
for the admission and removal of the solutions described in
Section 7. Adequate means for measuring and regulating the
4.1 The test method consists of repeated cycles of
flow shall also be provided. The column shall be calibrated in
backwash, base regeneration, rinse, and exhaustion of the
suchamannerthatthevolumereadingsrequiredbythemethod
can be made (see Section 9). All measurements shall be made
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion at 25 6 5°C.
Exchange Materials.
6.1.2 Support the sample at least 50 mm (2 in.) above the
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally
bottomofthecolumnoutletusingquartz,gravel,glassbeadsor
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D3087 – 91 (2004).
1 1
DOI: 10.1520/D3087-91R09.
other material from 1.5 to 3.5 mm ( ⁄16 to ⁄8 in.) in diameter,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
insoluble in the reagents used, and retained on a corrosion-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
resistant screen. However, other supports may be used at the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. discretion of the interested parties.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3087 − 91 (2009)
7.5 Base Regenerants:
7.5.1 For Weak Base Ion-Exchange Materials:
7.5.1.1 Ammonium Hydroxide (40gNH /L)—Dilute 155
mL of ammonium hydroxide (NH OH sp gr 0.90) to 1 L with
water. The solution should be freshly prepared to avoid
absorption of carbon dioxide (CO ) from the air.
7.5.2 For Weak, Intermediate, and Strong Base Ion-
Exchange Materials:
7.5.2.1 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (40 g/L)—Dissolve 40 g
of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 800 mLof water and dilute to
1 L. The solution should be freshly prepared to avoid absorp-
tion of carbon dioxide (CO ) from the air.
8. Sampling
8.1 For sampling procedures refer to Practices D2687.
9. Procedure
9.1 Adjust temperature of the water and all solutions to be
used in this procedure to 25 6 5°C and maintain this
temperature throughout the test.
9.2 Fill the column approximately half full of water and add
sufficient sample to give a bed height of 750 6 75 mm (30 6
3 in.) above the top of the support. To avoid drying out of the
ion-exchange material, maintain a layer of liquid at least 20 to
30 mm (0.8 to 1.2 in.) deep above the top of the bed at all times
during the procedure.
FIG. 1 Typical Arrangement of Apparatus for Performance Test-
9.3 Backwash with water for 10 min using a flow rate that
ing of Ion-Exchange Materials
will maintain a 50 % expansion of the bed. If the supernatant
liquid is clear at this point, proceed to 9.4. If the supernatant
liquid is cloudy (indicating the presence of light, insoluble,
7. Reagents
extraneous material), adjust the backwash outlet tube to a
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
height above the bed equal to 75 % of the bed height. Continue
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
backwashing at the same rate until the effluent is clear.
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
9.4 Allow the bed to settle and then drain at a rate of
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,
approximately100mL/minuntilthewaterlevelis20to30mm
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
(0.8 to 1.2 in.) above the top of the bed. Record the volume, in
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
millilitres, of ion-exchange material for use in the following
sufficiently high puritity to permit its use without lessening the
pretreatment. Regenerate the sample with the appropriate
accuracy of the determination.
dilute sodium hydroxide solution (see Note 1) for 90 min at a
7.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
flow rate of 0.11 mL/min for each millilitre of ion exchanger in
to water shall be understood to mean reagent water conforming thecolumn.Thiscorrespondstoaregenerationlevelof400g/L
to Specification D1193, Type III.
(25 lb/ft ) of ion exchange material.
7.3 Acidity Test Reagents—Forreagentsusedindetermining 9.5 When only a 20 to 30-mm (0.8 to 1.2-in.) layer of liquid
acidity, refer to Test Methods D1067.
remains above the bed, rinse with water using the same flow
rate, until a volume equal to the volume of resin has been
7.4 Anion Exchange Test Water C (10 meq/L)—Carefully
displaced (one bed volume). Increase the rinse rate to approxi-
add 18.1 mL of sulfuric acid (H SO , sp gr 1.84) and 27.5 mL
2 4
mately 100 mL/min and continue the rinse until a total of ten
of hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) to 500 mL of water and
bed volumes liquid have bee
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