ASTM E959-83(2010)

Standard Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Throughput, power and energy requirements, and product size are key parameters that describe the operation and performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.
This test method can be used to determine if the size-reduction equipment is operating within specifications and meeting performance criteria.
Having determined the parameters given in 5.1, the equipment that has been subjected to the test may be compared to other equipment similarly tested in order to establish relative levels of performance among equipment.
The basic test period is a continuous two to four h duration. The use of several test periods may be warranted to assess adequately the performance of size reduction equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measuring the performance of solid waste size reduction equipment.
1.2 This test method can be used to measure the flow (that is, throughput) of solid waste through the size-reduction equipment, energy usage of the size-reduction device, and particle size of the shredded product.
1.3 This test method includes instructions for measuring energy usage, solid waste throughput, net processing time, and particle size distribution.
1.4 This test method applies only to size reduction equipment that produces a shredded product with a size corresponding to 90 % cumulative passing in the range of 0.5 to 15 cm (0.2–6 in.) on an air-dry weight basis. For material with nominal sizes outside of this range, the precision and bias statements for particle size designation (Section 15) may not apply.
1.5 This test method can be applied to size reduction equipment located anywhere within a processing line.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for specific hazard information.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2010
• ICS: 13.030.40 - Installations and equipment for waste disposal and treatment
• Technical Committee: D34 - Waste Management
• Drafting Committee: D34.03 - Treatment, Recovery and Reuse

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E959-83(2005) - Standard Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Replaced By: ASTM E959-83(2018) - Standard Test Method for Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction Equipment
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Referred By: ASTM D5681-22e1 - Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E959 − 83 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Characterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-Reduction
Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E959; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers measuring the performance of 2.1 ASTM Standards:
solid waste size reduction equipment. E828 Test Method for Designating the Size of RDF-3 From
its Sieve Analysis (Withdrawn 2009)
1.2 This test method can be used to measure the flow (that
E929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Require-
is, throughput) of solid waste through the size-reduction
ments of Processing Equipment
equipment, energy usage of the size-reduction device, and
particle size of the shredded product.
3. Terminology Definitions:
1.3 This test method includes instructions for measuring
3.1 characteristic product size—the screen size correspond-
energy usage, solid waste throughput, net processing time, and
ing to 63.2 % cumulative passing by weight.
particle size distribution.
3.2 discrete throughput method—the method whereby av-
1.4 This test method applies only to size reduction equip-
erage throughput is calculated as the average of a number of
ment that produces a shredded product with a size correspond-
discrete throughput measurements conducted during a test
ing to 90 % cumulative passing in the range of 0.5 to 15 cm
period.
(0.2–6 in.) on an air-dry weight basis. For material with
3.3 idling time—time periods during which a size reduction
nominal sizes outside of this range, the precision and bias
device is freewheeling, that is, not processing refuse.
statements for particle size designation (Section 14) may not
3.4 net processing time—the time during which refuse is
apply.
processed through the size reduction device.
1.5 This test method can be applied to size reduction
3.5 nominal product size—the screen size corresponding to
equipment located anywhere within a processing line.
90 % cumulative passing by weight.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.6 size reduction device or equipment—a device which size
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
reduces (Synonyms: shredder, grinder, pulverizer, and mill).
standard.
1.6.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for
3.7 stationary belt method—a method of gross sample
information only.
collectioninwhichtheconveyorbeltisstoppedandthesample
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the of material is removed manually.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.8 time-averaged throughput method—the method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
whereby the average throughput is calculated by dividing the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
total mass size reduced by the net processing time.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for
3.9 test interval—a test interval is equal to one-quarter of
specific hazard information.
the test period.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment, contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Recovery and Reuse. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E959-83 (2005). DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E0959-83R10. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E959 − 83 (2010)
3.10 test period—the test period is two to four continuous h consistoflockoutoftheelectricalpowertotheconveyor,ready
of net-processing time. access to a safety “stop” cord located on the conveyor, or both.
7.2 This test method requires installation of electrical me-
4. Summary of Test Method
tering equipment. Consequently, the precautions described in
4.1 The duration of the test period is established and refuse
Test Method E929 should be observed.
is prepared for processing.
7.3 Gross samples should be collected sufficiently far from
4.2 An energy measuring system is installed.
the size reduction equipment such that test personnel are
protected from potential explosions and flying objects from the
4.3 Solid waste is processed through the size reduction
equipment.
equipment, energy usage and throughput is measured, and
samples for analysis of product particle size distribution are
8. Equipment Calibration
collected.
4.4 Average throughput, power requirements, specific 8.1 All electrical metering equipment used for energy mea-
surement shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method
energy,andparticlesizeoftheshreddedproductarecalculated.
E929.
4.5 Two methods (Time-Averaged Throughput Method and
8.2 All weight-measuring equipment shall be calibrated
Discrete Throughput Method [Section 10]) for measuring the
performance of size reduction equipment are described. The according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
selection of a particular method is governed by the layout of
the processing equipment, the location of the size-reduction 9. Preparation for Test
equipment relative to the other processing equipment, and the
9.1 Refuse Preparation and Establishment of Test
preference of the parties conducting the test.
Intervals—The duration of the test period is to be a minimum
of 2 h and a maximum of 4 of net-processing time. During the
5. Significance and Use
test period, collect four gross samples of shredded product
5.1 Throughput, power and energy requirements, and prod-
from which subsamples for particle size distribution analysis
uct size are key parameters that describe the operation and
will be taken subsequently. The test period is divided into four
performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.
equal test intervals (that is, test intervals 1, 2, 3, and 4).
Calculate the approximate duration of the test intervals using
5.2 This test method can be used to determine if the
the following relation:
size-reduction equipment is operating within specifications and
meeting performance criteria.
t *
p
t *. (1)
i
5.3 Having determined the parameters given in 5.1, the
equipment that has been subjected to the test may be compared
where:
tootherequipmentsimilarlytestedinordertoestablishrelative
t * = estimate of the duration of the test interval (h), and
p
levels of performance among equipment.
t * = estimated duration of the test period (h), subject to the
p
5.4 The basic test period is a continuous two to four h
condition 2 h ≤ t * ≤4h.
p
duration. The use of several test periods may be warranted to
Weigh refuse, uniformly mixed as much as possible, and
assess adequately the performance of size reduction equip-
form into four discrete piles, each of which has an approximate
ment.
(nominal) weight as calculated by the following relation:
m˙ *t *
6. Apparatus
i
M *. (2)
i
6.1 Hand Broom.
where:
6.2 Dust Pan.
M * = approximate weight of the refuse pile in Mg,
i
6.3 Wide-mouthed Shovel.
m˙* = nominal throughput value (Mg/h) established for the
6.4 Clock or Stopwatch, accurate to 0.1 s.
test, and
t * = estimated duration of the test interval (h) derived
6.5 Plastic Bags, large containers, or both. i
from Eq 1.
6.6 Push-broom.
The measured weight of each pile (M) is to be within 65%
i
6.7 Ties and Labels.
of the nominal weight (M*). Record the weight of each pile on
i
6.8 Electrical Metering System.
the sample data form shown in Fig. 1.
6.9 Sieving Equipment, manual or mechanical.
9.2 Time Measurements and Logbook—Keep a time log
during the conduct of the test program, the primary purpose of
7. Hazards
which is to allow the calculation of net-processing time. A
sample format for the log is shown in Fig. 2.
7.1 The test procedure described in 11.4 requires the re-
moval of shredded material from a stopped conveyor belt by 9.2.1 The key time recordings for each time interval are as
follows:
test personnel. Precautions should be taken to ensure that the
belt cannot be started while occupied. These precautions 9.2.1.1 Starting time of the time interval,
E959 − 83 (2010)
Site: ____________________________________________ Date: ___________________________________________
Type of Size Recorded By: _____________________________________
Reduction Device: _________________________________ Test Period No.: ___________________________________
Model No.: _______________________________________ Test Interval No.: ___________________________________
Serial No.: ________________________________________
(A) (B) (C)
Time Description of Activity/Reason for Shutdown Shredding Time, Idling Time, Shredder Shutdown,
A B
∆t (h) ∆ t (h) ∆ t (h)
s x y
Totals
A
Power on to size reduction equipment, but no processing of material.
B
Power off to size reduction equipment.
FIG. 2 Time Log for Testing Size Reduction Equipment
9.2.2 In order to obtain representative test data, it is recom-
Pile No. Weight of Pile, M (Mg)
i
mended that the net-processing time be a minimum of 75 % of
the duration of the test period. For example, if a four-h test
period is chosen, the net processing time should be equal to or
Total, M: _______________________________________
greater than three h.
9.3 Setup and Use of the Energy Measuring Equipment—
Measure energy usage of the size reduction device during the
test period using Test Method E929. Use a rotating disk-type
wattmeter or equivalent as the measuring instrument. Install
Total, M: ________________________________________
and test the energy measuring equipment prior to initiating the
9 test period.
10. Time-Averaged Throughput Method Procedure:
10.1 The Time-Averaged Throughput Method may be used
Total, M: ________________________________________
in those instances where there is no stream-splitting apparatus
upstream of the size-reduction device, for example, there is no
pre-trommel screen upstream of the size-reduction device.
10.2 After an initial one-half hour warmup period during
which refuse is shredded and the power measuring equipment
Total, M: ________________________________________
is functioning, allow the shreading device to empty. Subse-
quent to its emptying, measure the initial freewheeling power
19 draw while the machine is idling using a rotating disk-type
wattmeter, as described inTest Method E929. Record measure-
Total, M: ___________________________________
ments in accordance with Fig. 2, Energy Measurement Data
Sheet of Test Method E929.
FIG. 1 Sample Data Sheet for Throughput Measurement Using
the Time-Averaged Throughput Method
10.3 After completion of the initial freewheeling power
measurements and at the onset of the first time interval, note
9.2.1.2 Starting time of idling periods in which the size the starting time and record on the time log (Fig. 2). Record the
reduction device is electrically energized but in which no size initial wattmeter reading in accordance with Fig. 2, Energy
reduction of refuse is occurring, Measurement Data Sheet of Test Method E929.
9.2.1.3 Starting time of any periods in which the size Simultaneously, initiate the processing of one of the four
reduction device is electrically shut down (de-energized), and pre-weighed piles of refuse. Make every reasonable effort to
9.2.1.4 Finishing time of the test interval. supply a constant flow of refuse into the size-reduction device.
E959 − 83 (2010)
The measured duration of the test interval is to be within recording the weights of gross and laboratory samples (Fig. 4)
610 % of that estimated for t*in Eq 1. and the data sheets used to record particle size distribution data
i
(Fig. 5).
10.4 Approximately midway through the first time interval
of the test period, collect a representative gross sample for
10.6 Weigh the gross sample and store in a waterproof
product particle size analysis downstream of the shredder
container or bag until the representative laboratory samples are
discharge. The appropriate weight of the gross sample is as
chosen. Record weight data on the data sheet shown in Fig. 4.
indicated in Fig. 3.
10.7 At the conclusion of the time interval, note the time
10.5 The preferred method of collection for the gross
and record the reading on the time log.
sample is through diversion of the entire cross section of the
10.8 Collect the second, third, and fourth gross samples for
shredded refuse stream into a collection container or through
collection of the entire cross section of the stream at a product particle size analysis approximately midway into the
second, third, and fourth test intervals, respectively, of the test
conveying transition point. Where neither of the two preferred
methods of collection can be employed, the collection of a period, following the procedures in 10.4 through 10.7 . Note
partial stream sample may be substituted. If partial stream and record on the time logs the starting times of the subsequent
sampling is used, make a notation on the data sheet used for test intervals.
Nominal Product Size, X , (cm)
FIG. 3 Weight Requirements for Gross and Lab Samples as a Function of Nominal Product Size
E959 − 83 (2010)
infeedconveyorandthebeltfromwhichthethroughputsample
Test Interval No. Weight of Gross Sample Weight of Laboratory Sample
(kg) (kg)
is to be taken. After the conveyors are stopped, collect and
remove the shredded material from a measured length of the
belt. The weight of material to be removed will be approxi-
mately as indicated in Fig. 3.
6 11.5 Immediately prior to stopping the belt for the purpose
of collecting the throughput sample, note the time and record
the reading on the time log, Fig. 2.
11.6 Weigh the gross sample and store in a waterproof
container or bag until the representative laboratory samples are
chosen. Record the weights and conveyor information on the
data sheet shown in Fig. 7.
11.7 After removal of the gross sample, start the conveyor
and begin shredding refuse. Note the time and record the
19 reading on the time log
...