ASTM F1833-97(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Comparison of Rearfoot Motion Control Properties of Running Shoes
Standard Test Method for Comparison of Rearfoot Motion Control Properties of Running Shoes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method allows the rearfoot control properties of running shoes or corrective orthoses within shoes to be compared provided they are tested concurrently and under identical conditions.
Tests of this type are commonly used in the development and performance testing of running shoes and other in-shoe devices. Careful adherence to the requirements and recommendations of this test shall provide results which can be compared between different laboratories.
Note 1—The variance in rearfoot motion due to differences between shoes is generally smaller than the variance between subjects. Direct comparisons between shoes tested in different experiments is therefore not possible.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of certain angular motions of the lower extremity during running, specifically, the frontal plane projection of the pronation and supination of the lower leg relative to the foot (“rearfoot motion”) and methods by which the effects of different running shoes on rearfoot motion may be compared.
1.2 As used in this test method, footwear may refer to running shoes, corrective shoe inserts (orthoses) or specific combinations of both. The effects of orthoses may vary from shoe to shoe. Therefore, comparisons involving orthoses shall be qualified by the specific style of shoes in which they are tested.
1.3 This test method is limited to the measurement of the two dimensional, frontal plane projection of the relative angular motion between the lower leg and the foot (“rearfoot motion”). It is not a direct measure of pronation or supination, which are three dimensional motions.
1.4 This test method is limited to running motions in which the heel makes first contact with the ground during each step.
1.5 This test method is applicable to measurements of rearfoot motion made while subjects run on a treadmill or while they run overground under controlled conditions.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F1833 − 97 (Reapproved 2011) An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Comparison of Rearfoot Motion Control Properties of
Running Shoes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1833; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
During a typical running step, the foot first makes contact with the ground on the rear lateral border
of the shoe. At first contact between the foot and the ground, the foot is normally in a supinated or
neutral position relative to the lower leg. During the first 50 to 150 ms of the period of ground contact,
the foot rotates about the ankle and subtalar joints to a more pronated position. Pronation is a
combination of eversion and abduction of the subtalar joint and dorsiflexion of the ankle joint.
Excessive pronation and possibly an excessive rate of pronation are believed to be risk factors in
common overuse injuries among runners. Other risk factors include a runner’s anatomical
predisposition, (for example, joint alignment, bone curvature, joint laxity) previous injury history and
training errors (for example, a sudden increase in the duration or intensity of training). Running shoes
have been shown to influence pronation. Shoe design factors which have produced measurable effects
on lower extremity motion under laboratory conditions include sole hardness, sole height and width,
sole geometry and the presence or absence of orthotics and stabilizing devices.
1. Scope 1.5 This test method is applicable to measurements of
rearfoot motion made while subjects run on a treadmill or
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of certain
while they run overground under controlled conditions.
angular motions of the lower extremity during running,
specifically, the frontal plane projection of the pronation and 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
supination of the lower leg relative to the foot (“rearfoot standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
motion”) and methods by which the effects of different running information only.
shoes on rearfoot motion may be compared.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 As used in this test method, footwear may refer to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
running shoes, corrective shoe inserts (orthoses) or specific
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
combinations of both. The effects of orthoses may vary from
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
shoe to shoe. Therefore, comparisons involving orthoses shall
be qualified by the specific style of shoes in which they are
2. Referenced Documents
tested.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 This test method is limited to the measurement of the
F539 Practice for Fitting Athletic Footwear
two dimensional, frontal plane projection of the relative
angular motion between the lower leg and the foot (“rearfoot
3. Terminology
motion”). It is not a direct measure of pronation or supination,
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
which are three dimensional motions.
3.1.1 ankle joint—the joint between lower leg and foot
1.4 This test method is limited to running motions in which
formedbythearticulationsofthetibiaandfibulawiththetalus.
the heel makes first contact with the ground during each step.
3.1.2 footstrike—initial contact between the foot and the
ground at the beginning of the stance phase.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F08.54 on Athletic Footwear. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published February 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F1883 – 97 (2006). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/F1833-97R11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1833 − 97 (2011)
3.1.3 maximum rearfoot angle—maximum value of the in-shoe devices. Careful adherence to the requirements and
rearfoot angle recorded during the stance phase. recommendationsofthistestshallprovideresultswhichcanbe
compared between different laboratories.
3.1.4 peak angular velocity—maximum rate of change of
the rearfoot angle between footstrike and the occurrence of
NOTE 1—The variance in rearfoot motion due to differences between
maximum rearfoot angle. shoes is generally smaller than the variance between subjects. Direct
comparisonsbetweenshoestestedindifferentexperimentsisthereforenot
3.1.5 pronation—three dimensional motion of the foot rela-
possible.
tive to the lower leg, combining eversion an abduction of the
subtalar joint an dorsiflexion of the ankle joint.
6. Apparatus
3.1.6 rearfoot angle—the angle between the lower leg and
6.1 Running Surface:
the heel, viewed from the posterior aspect and projected in the
6.1.1 Treadmill—A powered treadmill shall be used.
frontal plane.
6.1.2 Runway—The runway used for overground running
3.1.7 rearfoot motion—relativemotionoftheheelandlower
trials shall be a level surface with a minimum length of 15 m
leg during the stance phase.
(50 ft).
3.1.8 stance phase—the period of a running step during
6.2 Means of Determining Running Speed:
which the foot is in contact with the ground.
6.2.1 A Calibrated Treadmill Speed Indicator—For tread-
3.1.9 subtalar joint—alternative name for the talocalcaneal mill running, a calibrated means of determining the speed of
the treadmill belt.
joint.
6.2.2 Timing Apparatus—For overground running, a timing
3.1.10 supination—three dimensional motion of the foot
apparatus shall be used to determine the elapsed time over a
relative to the lower leg, combining inversion and adduction of
distance of 5 m (16 ft) with an accuracy of 65 %. The average
the subtalar joint and plantar flexion of the ankle joint.
running speed, v, of the subject shall be determined by v = s/t
3.1.11 talocalcaneal joint—the joint formed by articulations
where s is the distance traversed and t is the elapsed time.
between the talus and the calcaneus.
NOTE 2—An acceptable timing apparatus can be constructed using light
3.1.12 time to maximum rearfoot angle—elapsed time be-
beams, photocell detectors and an electronic timer. Two light beam/
tween footstrike and the occurrence of maximum rearfoot
photocell detector units are positioned at head level and place 5 m (16 ft)
angle. apart and on either side of test track on which rearfoot motion data will be
recorded. The photocell circuit is connected to the electronic timer so that
3.1.13 total rearfoot motion—difference between the maxi-
breaking of the first beam starts the timer. Breaking of the second beam
mum rearfoot angle and touchdown angle.
stops the timer, which thus records the elapsed time.
3.1.14 touchdown angle—value of the rearfoot angle at the
6.3 High Speed Camera System—A cinephotographic or
instant of contact between the foot and the ground during a
video camera or other optical system capable of tracking the
running step.
motions of the lower leg at a minimum frame rate or sample
rate of 200/s. If no derivatives are to be calculated, a minimum
4. Summary of Test Method
frame rate or sample rate of 100/s is permissible
4.1 The rearfoot angle is defined by reference to markers
NOTE 3—The minimum sample rate is based on the spectral composi-
-1
placed on the lower leg and heel of the human subjects. While
tion of rearfoot motion at running speed of 3.8 ms (8.5 mph). Tests
subjects run on a treadmill or overground the motion of the
conducted at higher running speeds may require higher minimum sample
rates.
lower leg is recorded using a high-speed camera system
positioned behind the subject and aligned with the subject’s
6.4 Image Analysis Equipment—Apparatus for determining
direction of motion. The time history of the rearfoot angle
the coordinates of markers on images from the high speed
during the stance phase of running is determined by frame-by-
camera system, such as a digitizer, video processor or optical
frame analysis of the recorded motion.This process is repeated
tracking system. The camera and image analysis equipment
for each subject running in each of two or more footwear
shall have a combined resolution such that the angle formed by
specimens. For each combination of subject and specimen,
leg and shoe specimen markers in a two dimensional plane
average values of maximum rearfoot angle, time to maximum
normal to the axis of the camera can be determined with an
rearfoot angle, total rearfoot motion and peak angular velocity
error of less than 60.5°.
are calculated. Analysis of variance is used to determine
NOTE 4—Greatest accuracy is achieved if the centroid of a marker is
whether there are significant differences in rearfoot motion
digitized. The use of large markers may decrease digitizing accuracy.
parameter between the specimens.
7. Specimens
5. Significance and Use
7.1 Acceptability—The specimens may be any kind of
5.1 This test method allows the rearfoot control properties
footwear appropriate for use in or as a running shoe. The
of running shoes or corrective orthoses within shoes to be
specimensshallbeintheformofmatchedpairs(leftandright).
compared provided they are tested concurrently and under
7.1.1 Shoes—The specimens shall form matched pairs (left
identical conditions.
and right). All specimens shall be of the same size.
5.2 Tests of this type are commonly used in the develop- 7.1.2 Orthoses and In-Shoe Devices—The specimens shall
ment and performance testing of running shoes and other be in the form of matched pairs (left and right). All in-shoe
F1833 − 97 (2011)
force measuring platform, a pressure distribution measuring platform or
device comparisons shall be made using devices in the same
an in-shoe plantar pressure measuring device. (See Cavanagh and Lafor-
pair of shoes worn by the same subjects.
tune (2)).Thetraininghabitsofeachsubject,includingtrainingfrequency,
7.2 Number of Specimens—Two or more specimens shall be
weekly training distance and training pace should also be noted.
comparedinanytrial.Themaximumnumberofspecimensthat
9.2.4 Treadmill Experience—If the test is to be completed
can be compared is limited by the number of subjects required
while subjects run on a treadmill, the subjects should be
to achieve acceptable statistical power.
experienced treadmill runners. If the subjects are not experi-
7.3 Number of Subjects: enced treadmill runners, a minimum of one 20 min period of
treadmill acclimatization training should be held prior to data
7.3.1 The number of subjects shall be a minimum of four
times the number of specimens. collection.
7.3.2 If specimens are to be presented to subjects in a
NOTE 8—During treadmill acclimatization training, start subject(s) at a
balanced order, the number of subjects shall be a multiple of
slower pace and the speed gradually increased until the speed is slightly
the number of shoes to be compared.
below or a the test speed. The duration and number of practice sessions
depends on the comfort of the subject with treadmill running. Some
indication of the degree of comfort with treadmill running are seen in hip
8. Conditioning of Specimens
flexion and stride length.
8.1 Condition specimens by being used for a minimum of 8
NOTE 9—Subjects should wear their own shoes (that is, not test
specimens) during treadmill acclimatization training.
km (5 miles) of running prior to testing.
9.3 Marker Placement:
NOTE 5—The cushioning and stability of running shoes change rapidly
9.3.1 Leg Markers—Place markers on the rear of each
during the first few miles of use. These characteristics stabilize after
approximately 5 miles (8 km) of running (3500 footfalls) and then change
subject’s lower leg, at least 20 cm apart. Center lower marker
less over the next 250 miles (400 km) of wear.
on the Achilles tendon. Place the top marker below the
gastronemius, and orient so that the transverse vertical plane
9. Procedure
projection of a line connecting the two markers is parallel to
9.1 Experimental Design: the transverse vertical plane projection of the axis of a lower
9.1.1 Conduct the test as an experiment with a repeated leg (see Fig. 1).
measures, within-subject design.
NOTE 10—Clarke et al (3) describe the use of an apparatus for placing
9.1.2 It is recommended that the order in which specimens
the markers in a repeatable manner. Specifically, a jig is used to find the
are presented to each subject should be balanced, not random-
geometric center of the knee joint. Markers are then centered on a line
joining the knee joint center and the center of theAchilles tendon.The use
ized.Abalanced order of presentation requires that the number
of this test method is recommended.
of subjects must be a multiple of n!(n factorial) where n is the
number of shoes to be tested. If it is not practicable to use a 9.3.2 Specimen Markers—Place markers on the midline of
balanced order of presentation, use randomized order of the rear of each specimen, a minimum of 5 cm apart, such that
presentation. the line joining the centroids of the two markers are perpen-
dicular to the plane of the sole of the shoe (see Fig. 1).
NOTE 6—The statistical power of the test may be improved if a
balanced order is used.
9.4 Standing Calibration—Inordertocorrectfordifferences
inmarkerpositioningbetweensubjects,determineacalibration
9.2 Subjects:
angleforeachsubjectmeasuringthevalueoftherearfootwhile
9.2.1 Humans Subjects/Ethics CommitteeApproval—Obtain
thesubjectisstandinginaneutralposition.Forthepurposesof
the approval of all administrative bodies having jurisdiction
thistestmethod,theneutralpositionisdefinedasstandingwith
over the use of human subjects in the laboratory or institution
themedialedgesoftheshoeheels5cm(2in)apartandthefeet
where the test is to be performed before any part of the test is
abducted 7°.
begun.
9.2.2 Informed Consent—Obtaintheinformedconsentofall
NOTE 11—When calculating rearfoot angles, subtract the calibration
human subjects shall in compliance with theAmerican College
angle from the recorded data.
of Sports Medicine’s “Policy Statement RegardingThe Use Of NOTE 12—Clarke et al (3) have described
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