ASTM D2937-04
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of in-place density of soil by the drive-cylinder method. The test method involves obtaining a relatively undisturbed soil sample by driving a thin-walled cylinder and the subsequent activities for the determination of in-place density. When sampling or in-place density is required at depth, Test Method D 1587 should be used.
1.2 This test method is not appropriate for sampling organic soils which can compress upon sampling, very hard natural soils and heavily compacted soils which cannot be easily penetrated by the drive sampler, soils of low plasticity which will not be readily retained in the cylinder, or soils which contain appreciable amounts of gravel (particles coarser than 4.75 mm (3/16 in.)). The presence of particles coarser than 4.75 mm (3/16 in.) may introduce significant errors in density measurements by causing voids along the wall of the cylinder during driving, and when coarse materials have to be dislodged by the trimming of the sample obtained by the cylinder.
1.3 This test method is limited to the procedures necessary for obtaining specimens suitable for determining the in-place density and water content of certain soils. The procedures and precautions necessary for selecting locations and obtaining undisturbed samples suitable for laboratory testing or otherwise determining engineering properties is beyond the scope of this test method.
1.4 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. This test method has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft 3 should not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.6 The standard values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D2937–04
Standard Test Method for
1
Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope* pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft
should not be regarded as nonconformance with this test
1.1 This test method covers the determination of in-place
method.
density of soil by the drive-cylinder method. The test method
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
involves obtaining a relatively undisturbed soil sample by
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
driving a thin-walled cylinder and the subsequent activities for
Practice D6026.
the determination of in-place density. When sampling or
1.6 The standard values stated in SI units are to be regarded
in-place density is required at depth, Test Method D1587
as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for
should be used.
information purposes only.
1.2 This test method is not appropriate for sampling organic
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
soils which can compress upon sampling, very hard natural
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
soils and heavily compacted soils which cannot be easily
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
penetrated by the drive sampler, soils of low plasticity which
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
will not be readily retained in the cylinder, or soils which
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
contain appreciable amounts of gravel (particles coarser than
3
4.75 mm ( ⁄16 in.)). The presence of particles coarser than 4.75
2. Referenced Documents
3
mm ( ⁄16 in.) may introduce significant errors in density
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
measurements by causing voids along the wall of the cylinder
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
duringdriving,andwhencoarsematerialshavetobedislodged
Fluids
by the trimming of the sample obtained by the cylinder.
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
1.3 This test method is limited to the procedures necessary
3
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
for obtaining specimens suitable for determining the in-place
3
kN-m/m ))
density and water content of certain soils. The procedures and
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-
precautions necessary for selecting locations and obtaining
teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/
undisturbed samples suitable for laboratory testing or other-
3 3
ft (2,700 kN-m/m ))
wisedeterminingengineeringpropertiesisbeyondthescopeof
D1587 Practice forThin-WalledTube Sampling of Soils for
this test method.
Geotechnical Purposes
1.4 It is common practice in the engineering profession to
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-
concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)
ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
systems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravita-
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
tionalsystem.Itisscientificallyundesirabletocombinetheuse
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
standard. This test method has been written using the gravita-
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
tional system of units when dealing with the inch-pound
D4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)
system. In this system the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force
Content of Soil by Microwave Oven Heating
(weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying
Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and
2
Construction Control Tests. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D2937 – 00. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D293
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.