ASTM E2060-22
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes
Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—CCPs can have chemical and mineralogical compositions that are conducive to use in the chemical stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. These elements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidification is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace elements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and in reduced permeability of the stabilized waste. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent with or without addition of other materials.
Note 1: In the United States, S/S is considered the BDAT for the disposal of some wastes that contain metals since they cannot be destroyed by other means (2).
4.1.1 Advantages of Using CCPs—Advantages of using CCPs for waste stabilization include their availability in high volumes, and generally good product consistency from a single source. In addition, in some instances certain CCPs can partly or entirely replace other expensive stabilization materials such as Portland cement. CCPs vary depending on the combustion or emission control process and the coal or sorbents used, or both, and CCPs contain trace elements, although usually at very low concentrations. CCPs are generally an environmentally suitable materials option for waste stabilization, but the compatibility of a specific CCP must be evaluated with individual wastes or wastewater through laboratory-scale tests followed by full-scale demonstration and verification. CCPs suitable for the chemical stabilization have the ability to incorporate large amounts of free water via hydration reactions. These same hydration reactions frequently result in the formation of mineral phases that stabilize or chemically immobilize the trace elements of concern. CCPs that exhibit high pHs (>11.5) offer advantages in stabilizing trace elements t...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for selection and application of coal combustion products (CCPs) for use in the chemical stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. These elements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidification is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace elements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and in reduced permeability of the stabilized waste.
1.1.1 Solidification is an important factor in treatment of wastes and especially wastewaters. Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) technology is often used to treat wastes containing free liquids. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent (with or without the addition of other materials. Stabilization may be achieved by using combinations of CCPs and other products such as lime, lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, cement, and others. CCPs used alone or in combination with other reagents promote stabilization of many inorganic constituents through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms include precipitation as hydrates, carbonates, silicates, sulfates, and so forth; microencapsulation of the waste particles through pozzolanic reactions; formation of metal precipitates; and formation of hydrated phases (1-4).2 Long-term performance of the stabilized waste is an issue that must be addressed in considering any S/S technology. In this guide, several tests are recommended to aid in evaluating the long-term performance of the stabilized wastes.
1.2 The CCPs that are suited for this application include fly ash, dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material, and and fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash.
1.3 The wastes or wastewater, or both, containing the inorganic species may be highly variable, so the chemical characterist...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E2060 −22
Standard Guide for
Use of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/
1
Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope characteristics of the waste or wastewater to be treated must be
determined and considered in the selection and application of
1.1 This guide covers methods for selection and application
any stabilizing agent, including CCPs. In any waste stabiliza-
of coal combustion products (CCPs) for use in the chemical
tion process, laboratory-scale tests for compatibility between
stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater.These
the candidate waste or wastewater for stabilization with one or
elementsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,arsenic,barium,boron,
more selected CCPs and final waste stability are recommended
cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel,
prior to pilot-scale and full-scale application of the stabilizing
selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be
agent.
accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidifica-
tion is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace
1.4 This guide does not intend to recommend pilot-scale or
elements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and in
full-scale processes or procedures for waste stabilization.
reduced permeability of the stabilized waste.
Full-scale processes should be designed and carried out by
1.1.1 Solidification is an important factor in treatment of
qualified scientists, engineers, and environmental profession-
wastes and especially wastewaters. Solidification/Stabilization
als.Itisrecommendedthatstabilizedmaterialsgeneratedatthe
(S/S) technology is often used to treat wastes containing free
full-scale stabilization site be subjected to testing to verify
liquids. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing
laboratory test results.
agent (with or without the addition of other materials. Stabili-
zation may be achieved by using combinations of CCPs and 1.5 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a component
other products such as lime, lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, of a pollution prevention program. Utilization of CCPs in this
cement, and others. CCPs used alone or in combination with manner conserves land, natural resources, and energy.
other reagents promote stabilization of many inorganic con-
1.6 This guide applies only to CCPs produced primarily
stituents through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms
from the combustion of coal. It does not apply to ash or other
include precipitation as hydrates, carbonates, silicates, sulfates,
combustion products derived from the burning of waste; coal
and so forth; microencapsulation of the waste particles through
coking byproducts; municipal, industrial, or commercial gar-
pozzolanic reactions; formation of metal precipitates; and
2 bage; sewage sludge or other refuse, or both; derived fuels;
formation of hydrated phases (1-4). Long-term performance
wood waste products; rice hulls; agricultural waste; or other
of the stabilized waste is an issue that must be addressed in
noncoal fuels.
considering any S/S technology. In this guide, several tests are
recommended to aid in evaluating the long-term performance
1.7 Regulations governing the use of CCPs vary by nation,
of the stabilized wastes.
state and locality. The user of this guide has the responsibility
to determine and comply with applicable regulations.
1.2 The CCPs that are suited for this application include fly
ash, dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material, and and
1.8 Itisrecommendedthatworkperformedunderthisguide
fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash.
be designed and carried out by qualified scientists, engineers,
1.3 The wastes or wastewater, or both, containing the
and environmental professionals.
inorganic species may be highly variable, so the chemical
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ity of Subcommittee E50.03 on Beneficial Use.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022. Publish
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2060 − 06 (Reapproved 2014) E2060 − 22
Standard Guide for
Use of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/
1
Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers methods for selection and application of coal combustion products (CCPs) for use in the chemical
stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. These elements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron,
cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be
accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidification is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace elements,
but does offer advantages in waste handling and in reduced permeability of the stabilized waste.
1.1.1 Solidification is an important factor in treatment of wastes and especially wastewaters. Solidification/Stabilization (S/S)
technology is often used to treat wastes containing free liquids. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent (with
or without the addition of other materials; however, stabilization or chemical fixation may also materials. Stabilization may be
achieved by using combinations of CCPs and other products such as lime, lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, cement, and others.
CCPs used alone or in combination with other reagents promote stabilization of many inorganic constituents through a variety of
mechanisms. These mechanisms include precipitation as hydrates, carbonates, silicates, sulfates, and so forth; microencapsulation
2
of the waste particles through pozzolanic reactions; formation of metal precipitates; and formation of hydrated phases (1-4).
Long-term performance of the stabilized waste is an issue that must be addressed in considering any S/S technology. In this guide,
several tests are recommended to aid in evaluating the long-term performance of the stabilized wastes.
1.2 The CCPs that are suited tofor this application include fly ash, spent dry scrubber sorbents, and certain advanced sulfur control
by-products from processes such as duct injection dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material, and and fluidized-bed combustion
(FBC).(FBC) ash.
1.3 The wastes or wastewater, or both, containing the problematic inorganic species will likely may be highly variable, so the
chemical characteristics of the waste or wastewater to be treated must be determined and considered in the selection and
application of any stabilizing agent, including CCPs. In any waste stabilization process, laboratory-scale tests for compatibility
between the candidate waste or wastewater for stabilization with one or more selected CCPs and final waste stability are
recommended prior to pilot-scale and full-scale application of the stabilizing agent.
1.4 This guide does not intend to recommend pilot-scale or full-scale processes or procedures for waste stabilization. Full-scale
processes should be designed and carried out by qualified scientists, engineers, and environmental professionals. It is recommended
that stabilized materials generated at the full-scale stabilization site be subjected to testing to verify laboratory test results.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E50.03 on Beneficial Use.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014Nov. 1, 2022. Published February 2015December 2022. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20062014
as F2060 – 06.F2060 – 06(2014). DOI: 10.1520/E2060-06R14.10.1520/E2060-22.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of the text.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E2060 − 22
1.5 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a component of a pollution prevention program; Guide program. E1609 describes
pollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization of CCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and energy.
1.6 This guide applies only to CCPs produced primarily from the combustion
...
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