ASTM D4170-16

Standard Test Method for Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greases

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the property of lubricating greases to protect oscillating bearings from fretting wear. This method, used for specification purposes, differentiates among greases allowing low, medium, and high amounts of fretting wear under the prescribed test conditions. The test has been used to predict the fretting performance of greases in wheel bearings of passenger cars shipped long distances.5 Test results do not necessarily correlate with results from other types of service. It is the responsibility of the user to determine whether test results correlate with other types of service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the fretting wear protection provided by lubricating greases.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Other units are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2 and 9.2.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2016
• ICS: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.G0.04 - Functional Tests - Tribology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4170-10 - Standard Test Method for Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greases
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D6185-11(2017) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Binary Mixtures of Lubricating Greases
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D4950-22 - Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greases
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D8324-21 - Standard Guide for Selection of Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Vessel General Permit
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016

Overview

ASTM D4170-16 is the standard test method developed by ASTM International for assessing the fretting wear protection offered by lubricating greases. Fretting wear-a type of surface degradation caused by small-amplitude oscillatory motion-commonly affects oscillating bearings, particularly in automotive applications. This method evaluates how well a lubricating grease can protect bearings from this form of wear, helping users differentiate between greases that permit low, medium, or high levels of fretting wear under defined conditions.

This standard is widely referenced for specification purposes, quality assurance, and comparative product testing, especially in automotive and industrial settings where reliability and performance of greased bearing systems are critical.

Key Topics

• Fretting Wear Protection: Central to ASTM D4170-16 is the evaluation of greases’ ability to minimize mass loss caused by fretting wear in oscillating ball thrust bearings.
• Lubricating Greases: The method helps determine which greases are most effective at protecting bearings from wear, supporting decisions for product selection and specification compliance.
• Oscillating Bearings: Bearings subjected to vibratory or oscillating movement are particularly susceptible to fretting wear, making this test method highly relevant.
• Standardized Conditions: The test is conducted using ball thrust bearings oscillated through a set arc, frequency, and load at room temperature for a specified duration.
• Result Interpretation: The mass loss of bearing races after testing provides a quantitative measure of the grease’s protective efficacy.
• Applicability: While often used to predict performance in wheel bearings of vehicles shipped over long distances, results may not universally correlate to all types of bearing service.

Applications

Automotive Industry

• Wheel Bearing Protection: ASTM D4170-16 is frequently used in the automotive sector to select greases for wheel bearings, especially in situations involving long-distance shipment where fretting wear may occur.
• Quality Control: Manufacturers utilize this standard to ensure lubricating greases meet performance requirements for fretting protection.

Industrial Equipment

• Rotating Machinery: The method is applicable for any equipment using oscillating or vibratory bearings, serving as a benchmark for grease selection.
• R&D and Benchmarking: Product developers and lubricant formulators use this test to compare formulations and document improvements in product performance.

Specification and Procurement

• Comparative Analysis: The method allows for specification-based purchasing of lubricating greases with proven fretting wear protection properties.
• Regulatory and Quality Audits: Provides traceable, quantitative data in audits and compliance checks.

Related Standards

• ASTM Standards for Lubricating Grease and Bearings: ASTM D2266 (Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Grease), ASTM D2596 (EP Properties of Greases), and others related to bearing and tribology testing.
• NLGI Lubricating Grease Guide: Provides comprehensive terminology and background on lubricating grease applications and testing.
• Military Standard MIL-S-22473D: Cited in relation to sealing and locking compounds sometimes used during the bearing test setup.
• ASTM Terminology Standards: Cover terms related to wear, lubrication, and tribology, ensuring consistency in interpretation and communication.

Practical Value

Utilizing ASTM D4170-16 supports:

• Reliability Improvement: Selecting greases that offer higher protection extends bearing life and reduces maintenance.
• Risk Reduction: Minimizing fretting wear can prevent costly failures in critical equipment.
• Standardization: Enables consistency across suppliers and product lines.

By following this method, organizations benefit from repeatable and reproducible results to make informed grease selection decisions and uphold high standards in equipment performance and durability.

Keywords: ASTM D4170-16, fretting wear, lubricating grease, oscillating bearings, wear protection, standard test method, automotive grease, bearing durability, tribology.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4170 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4170; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* oxidation product. In the case of ferrous metals, the oxidized
wear debris is abrasive iron oxide (Fe O ) having the appear-
2 3
1.1 This test method evaluates the fretting wear protection
ance of rust, which gives rise to the nearly synonymous terms,
provided by lubricating greases.
fretting corrosion and friction oxidation. A related, but some-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
what different phenomenon often accompanies fretting wear.
standard.
False brinelling is localized fretting wear that occurs when the
1.2.1 Exception—Other units are provided for information
rolling elements of a bearing vibrate or oscillate with small
only.
amplitude while pressed against the bearing race. The mecha-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
nism proceeds in stages: (1) asperities weld, are torn apart, and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the form wear debris that is subsequently oxidized; (2) due to the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
small-amplitude motion, the oxidized detritus cannot readily
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- escape, and being abrasive, the oxidized wear debris acceler-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
ates the wear. As a result, wear depressions are formed in the
warning statements, see 7.2 and 9.2. bearing race. These depressions appear similar to the Brinell
depressions obtained with static overloading. Although false
2. Referenced Documents
brinelling can occur in this test, it is not characterized as such,
and instead, it is included in the determination of fretting wear.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Test Methods for Rating Motor, Diesel, andAviation Fuels;
4. Summary of Test Method
Motor Fuels (Section I), Reference Materials and Blend-
ing Accessories (Annex 2), Reference Fuels (A2.7.3.3), 4.1 The tester is operated with two ball thrust bearings,
and Table 32 (Specification for n-Heptane Motor Fuel)
lubricated with the test grease, oscillated through an arc of
0.21 rad (12°), at a frequency of 30.0 Hz (1800 cpm), under a
2.2 Military Standard:
load of 2450 N (550 lbf), for 22 h at room temperature (Note
MIL-S-22473D Sealing, Locking and Retaining
1). Fretting wear is determined by measuring the mass loss of
Compounds, Single-Component
the bearing races.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—Arc, frequency, and load are factory-set operating conditions
and should not be altered. The load spring constant may change over an
3.1 Definitions:
extended time period. Spring calibration should be checked periodically
3.1.1 fretting wear, n—a form of attritive wear caused by
and, if necessary, a suitable shim should be fabricated to obtain the
vibratory or oscillatory motion of limited amplitude character-
required load (63 %) at the assembled length of the spring.
ized by the removal of finely-divided particles from the
rubbing surfaces.
5. Significance and Use
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Air can cause immediate local oxida-
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the property of
tion of the wear particles produced by fretting wear. In
lubricating greases to protect oscillating bearings from fretting
addition, environmental moisture or humidity can hydrate the
wear. This method, used for specification purposes, differenti-
ates among greases allowing low, medium, and high amounts
of fretting wear under the prescribed test conditions. The test
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of has been used to predict the fretting performance of greases in
Subcommittee D02.G0.04 on Functional Tests - Tribology.
wheel bearings of passenger cars shipped long distances. Test
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published February 2017. Originally
results do not necessarily correlate with results from other
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4170 – 10. DOI:
10.1520/D4170-16.
See 1998 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.
3 5
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Verdura, T. M., “Development of a Standard Test to Evaluate Fretting
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098. Protection Quality of Lubricating Grease,” NLGI Spokesman, Vol XLVII, No. 5,
NLGI Lubricating Grease Guide, 3rd edition. August 1983, pp. 157–67.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4170 − 16
FIG. 1 Fafnir Friction Oxidation Tester and Time Switch
types of service. It is the responsibility of the user to determine
whether test results correlate with other types of service.
6. Apparatus
6,7
6.1 Falex Fretting Wear Tester, Model F-1581, as pur-
chased and illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.
6.2 Spring Guide, conforming to description in Fig. 3,ifnot
supplied with tester.
8,7
6.3 Test Bearings, of the ball thrust type having an inside
diameter of 16.00 mm 6 0.025 mm (0.630 in. 6 0.001 in.), an
outside diameter of 35.69 mm 6 0.025 mm (1.405 in. 6
0.001 in.), and assembled height of 15.75 mm 6 0.25 mm
(0.620 in. 6 0.010 in.) and equipped with nine 7.142 mm
(0.281 in.) diameter balls in a pressed steel retainer; all
surfaces (except retainer) to be ground. Different surface
finishes are provided on commercial bearings. Bearings with
ground surfaces are lustrous; tumbled bearings appear slightly
dulled or grayish. Bearings with ground races, as specified in
6.3, are required to obtain correct results. Tumbled bearings
with reground races are satisfactory. Magnification should be
used to inspect the races to verify that they have been ground.
8,7
Part-number bearings are provided with ground races. A
drawing of the test bearing, giving complete, detailed dimen-
FIG. 2 Chuck and Housing Assembly
sions and specifications is available in RR:D02-1159.
10,7
6.4 Vibration Mount, upon which the tester is placed.
6.5 Time Switch, (optional) shown in Fig. 1 and described in
detail in Fig. 4, or a commercial equivalent.
11,7
Falex Fretting Wear Tester, formerly known as the Fafnir Friction Oxidation 6.6 Ultrasonic Cleaner.
Tester, is available from Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554.
7 6.7 Analytical Balancehavingacapacityofabout100gand
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
is listed. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to with a minimum sensitivity of 0.1 mg.
ASTMHeadquarters.Yourcommentswillreceivecarefulconsiderationatameeting
of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
7. Reagents and Materials
Andrews (Part No. 06X65) have been found to be satisfactory. Prepared
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
bearings (part number F-1581-50 (formerly FL-1081)), that is, with set screw flat
(see 8.1), are available from Falex Corp., 1020Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL60554.
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
Supporting data (the results of the cooperative test program, from which these
values have been derived) have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and
may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1159. A Bransonic 2200 cleaner (Branson Ultrasonics Co., Danbury, CT 06813)
Isomode Vibration control Pad No. 3451801 has been found satisfactory and having a capacity of about 3 L ( ⁄4 gal) operating at a frequency of about 55 kHz,
is available from rubber products suppliers. with a power input of about 125 W, has been found satisfactory.
D4170 − 16
15 min, transfer bearing parts to second beaker containing
125 mLof n-heptane (see 7.2). Clean for 8 min to 10 min, then
repeat operation for two additional 4 min to 5 min washes,
using new n-heptane and clean beakers each time.
8.4 Place bearing parts onto freshly cleaned, glass Petri
dishes or aluminum moisture dishes to air dry. Bearings should
be propped against rim of dish to permit air circulation. Clean
bearings must not be rotated or air blown. Do not place
bearings on any surface other than freshly cleaned glass or
metal. Do not touch bearings with bare hands; use forceps or
tongs, or wear surgical gloves or finger cots.
8.5 When bearings are dry, place dishes containing bearings
FIG. 3 Spring Guide in a desiccator and let stand for a minimum of 30 min.
8.6 Weigh the upper and lower bearing race pairs separately
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit- to the nearest 0.1 mg. (Each race pair consists of two races.)
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be 9. Procedure
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
9.1 In a dust-free environment, install the test grease in
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
unused, cleaned, weighed bearings.
accuracy of the determination.
9.1.1 Fill the ball tracks of the bearing races with the test
7.2 n-heptane, reagent grade orASTM Motor Fuel Grade 3. grease. Use a suitable spatula to strike the grease level with the
(Warning—Flammable. Health hazard.) bearing lands. Bearing backs and bearing seats must be kept
free of grease and particulate matter. Clean with a lint–free
NOTE 2—This test method was originally developed using chloroform,
cloth slightly moistened with n-heptane.
which was subsequently replaced by 1,1,1-trichloroethane because of its
9.1.2 Filleachballretainerwithtestgreasetakingcaretofill
lower toxicity. Since then, 1,1,1-trichloroethane was declared an Ozone
DepletingSubstancebytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA).
all the cavities around the balls on both sides of the retainer.
Federal regulations ban the production of this material after December 31,
Remove excess grease from the bore and rim of the retainer,
1995, but existing stocks may continue to be used. Currently there are no
but leave an excess of grease on the cupped side. Adjust the
EPArestrictions on the use of chloroform, but the user should be aware of
mass of the grease in each bearing to 1.0 g 6 0.05 g.
its health hazards if it is used as a functionally equivalent solvent. No
other solvent intended as a substitute for 1,1,1-trichloroethane in this test
9.2 Assemble the chuck. A suggested procedure for chuck
method has been cooperatively evaluated. However, it is the experience of
assembly is described in 9.2.1 – 9.2.7. Use Fig. 5
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4170 − 10 D4170 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4170; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method evaluates the fretting wear protection provided by lubricating greases.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units are for information only.
1.2.1 Exception—Other units are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2 and 9.2.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Test Methods for Rating Motor, Diesel, and Aviation Fuels; Motor Fuels (Section I), Reference Materials and Blending
Accessories (Annex 2), Reference Fuels (A2.7.3.3), and Table 32 (Specification for n-Heptane Motor Fuel)
2.2 Military Standard:
MIL-S-22473D Sealing, Locking and Retaining Compounds, Single-Component
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 fretting wear, n—a form of attritive wear caused by vibratory or oscillatory motion of limited amplitude characterized by
the removal of finely-divided particles from the rubbing surfaces.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.G0.04 on Functional Tests - Tribology.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010Dec. 1, 2016. Published June 2010February 2017. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20022010 as
ε1
D4170–97(2002)D4170 – 10. . DOI: 10.1520/D4170-10.10.1520/D4170-16.
See 1998 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098.
NLGI Lubricating Grease Guide, 3rd edition.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Air can cause immediate local oxidation of the wear particles produced by fretting wear. In addition, environmental moisture or
humidity can hydrate the oxidation product. In the case of ferrous metals, the oxidized wear debris is abrasive iron oxide (Fe O )
2 3
having the appearance of rust, which gives rise to the nearly synonymous terms, fretting corrosion and friction oxidation. A related,
but somewhat different phenomenon often accompanies fretting wear. False brinelling is localized fretting wear that occurs when
the rolling elements of a bearing vibrate or oscillate with small amplitude while pressed against the bearing race. The mechanism
proceeds in stages: (1) asperities weld, are torn apart, and form wear debris that is subsequently oxidized; (2) due to the
small-amplitude motion, the oxidized detritus cannot readily escape, and being abrasive, the oxidized wear debris accelerates the
wear. As a result, wear depressions are formed in the bearing race. These depressions appear similar to the Brinell depressions
obtained with static overloading. Although false brinelling can occur in this test, it is not characterized as such, and instead, it is
included in the determination of fretting wear.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The tester is operated with two ball thrust bearings, lubricated with the test grease, oscillated through an arc of 0.21 rad
0.21 rad (12°), at a frequency of 30.0 Hz (1800 cpm), under a load of 2450 N (550 lbf), for 22 h at room temperature (Note 1).
Fretting wear is determined by measuring the mass loss of the bearing races.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4170 − 16
FIG. 1 Fafnir Friction Oxidation Tester and Time Switch
NOTE 1—Arc, frequency, and load are factory-set operating conditions and should not be altered. The load spring constant may change over an extended
time period. Spring calibration should be checked periodically and, if necessary, a suitable shim should be fabricated to obtain the required load (63 %)
at the assembled length of the spring.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the property of lubricating greases to protect oscillating bearings from fretting wear.
This method, used for specification purposes, differentiates among greases allowing low, medium, and high amounts of fretting
wear under the prescribed test conditions. The test has been used to predict the fretting performance of greases in wheel bearings
of passenger cars shipped long distances. Test results do not necessarily correlate with results from other types of service. It is
the responsibility of the user to determine whether test results correlate with other types of service.
6. Apparatus
6,7
6.1 Falex Fretting Wear Tester, Model F-1581, as purchased and illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.
6.2 Spring Guide, conforming to description in Fig. 3, if not supplied with tester.
8,7
6.3 Test Bearings, of the ball thrust type having an inside diameter of 16.0016.00 mm 6 0.025 mm (0.630(0.630 in. 6 0.001
in.), an outside diameter of 35.6935.69 mm 6 0.025 mm (1.405 + 0.001 in.), (1.405 in. 6 0.001 in.), and assembled height of 15.75
6 0.25 mm (0.620 6 0.010 in.) 15.75 mm 6 0.25 mm (0.620 in. 6 0.010 in.) and equipped with nine 7.142-mm
(0.2812-in.)7.142 mm (0.281 in.) diameter balls in a pressed steel retainer; all surfaces (except retainer) to be ground. Different
surface finishes are provided on commercial bearings. Bearings with ground surfaces are lustrous; tumbled bearings appear slightly
dulled or grayish. Bearings with ground races, as specified in 6.3, are required to obtain correct results. Tumbled bearings with
reground races are satisfactory. Magnification should be used to inspect the races to verify that they have been ground. Part-number
8,7
bearings are provided with ground races. A drawing of the test bearing, giving complete, detailed dimensions and specifications
is available in RR:D02-1159.
10,7
6.4 Vibration Mount, upon which the tester is placed.
6.5 Time Switch, (optional) shown in Fig. 1 and described in detail in Fig. 4, or a commercial equivalent.
11,7
6.6 Ultrasonic Cleaner.
6.7 Analytical Balance having a capacity of about 100 g and with a minimum sensitivity of 0.1 mg.
Verdura, T. M., “Development of a Standard Test to Evaluate Fretting Protection Quality of Lubricating Grease,” NLGI Spokesman, Vol XLVII, No. 5, August 1983, pp.
157–67.
Falex Fretting Wear Tester, formerly known as the Fafnir Friction Oxidation Tester, is available from Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is listed. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
Andrews (Part No. 06X65) have been found to be satisfactory. Prepared bearings (part number F-1581-50 (formerly FL-1081)), that is, with set screw flat (see 8.1), are
available from Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554.
Supporting data (the results of the cooperative test program, from which these values have been derived) have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1159.
Isomode Vibration control Pad No. 3451801 has been found satisfactory and is available from rubber products suppliers.
11 3
A Bransonic 2200 cleaner (Branson Ultrasonics Co., Danbury, CT 06813) having a capacity of about 3 L ( ⁄4 gal) operating at a frequency of about 55 kHz, with a power
input of about 125 W, has been found satisfactory.
D4170 − 16
FIG. 2 Chuck and Housing Assembly
FIG. 3 Spring Guide
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all
reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high
purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
7.2 n-heptane, reagent grade or ASTM Motor Fuel Grade 3. (Warning—Flammable. Health hazard.)
NOTE 2—This test method was originally developed using chloroform, which was subsequently replaced by 1,1,1-trichloroethane because of its lower
toxicity. Since then, 1,1,1-trichloroethane was declared an Ozone Depleting Substance by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Federal
regulations ban the production of this material after December 31, 1995, but existing stocks may continue to be used. Currently there are no EPA
restrictions on the use of chloroform, but the user should be aware of its health hazards if it is used as a functionally equivalent solvent. No other solvent
intended as a substitute for 1.1.1-trichloroethane1,1,1-trichloroethane in this test method has been cooperatively evaluated. However, it is the experience
of the Grease Subcommittee that elimination of the cleaning step using 1,1,1–trichloroethane does not affect the reported results from this test.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by
the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National
Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.
D4170 − 16
FIG. 4 Time Switch Circuit
8. Bearing Preparation
8.1 Grind a suitable set screw flat (approximate dimensions; 88 mm by 44 mm by 0.5 mm) on the periphery of each bearing
race; flat must be square with face to prevent cocking of races when set screws are tightened.
NOTE 3—It is extremely difficult to grind the flat square with the face when using a hand or bench grinder. Good results have been obtained by racking
a number of bearing races in a V-block and using a surface grinder.
8.2 Scribe suitable identification marks on the outer lands of bearing races to distinguish races of upper bearing from races of
lower bearing. Identification marks should not be scribed on back or periphery of the bearing race.
8.3 Fill tank of ultrasonic cleaner with distilled water to a depth of 3030 mm to 40 mm. Place two bearing sets in a
250-mL250 mL beaker containing about 125-mL125 mL of n-heptane. Cover beaker and place in ultrasonic bath. After cleaning
for 1010 min to 15 min, 15 min, transfer bearing parts to second beaker containing 125 mL 125 mL of n-heptane (see 7.2). Clean
for 88 min to 10 min, then repeat operation for two additional 44 min to 5-min5 min washes, using new n-heptane and clean
beakers each time.
8.4 Place bearing parts onto freshly cleaned, glass Petri dishes or aluminum moisture dishes to air dry. Bearings should be
propped against rim of dish to permit air circ
...