ASTM D873-99a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of aviation reciprocating, turbine, and jet engine fuels to form gum and deposits under accelerated aging conditions. Note 1-This test method is not intended for determining the stability of fuel components, particularly those with a high percentage of low boiling unsaturated compounds, as these may cause explosive conditions within the apparatus. Note 2-For the measurement of the oxidation stability (induction period) of motor gasoline, refer to Test Method D525.
1.2 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the kilo pascal (kPa); pound per square inch (psi) values are provided in parentheses for information.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: D 873 – 99a An American National Standard
British Standard 4456
Designation: 138/99
Standard Test Method for
Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 873; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with
established procedures.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ten- 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard
dency of aviation reciprocating, turbine, and jet engine fuels to 3.1.1 The following definitions of terms are all expressed in
form gum and deposits under accelerated aging conditions. terms of milligrams per 100 mL of sample, after “ X” hours
aging, “X” being the accelerated aging (oxidation) period at
NOTE 1—Caution: This test method is not intended for determining
100°C.
the stability of fuel components, particularly those with a high percentage
3.1.1.1 potential gum— sum of the soluble and insoluble
of low boiling unsaturated compounds, as these may cause explosive
gum.
conditions within the apparatus.
NOTE 2—For the measurement of the oxidation stability (induction
3.1.1.2 precipitate— sediment and suspended material in
period) of motor gasoline, refer to Test Method D 525.
the aged fuel, obtained by filtering the aged fuel and washings
from the glass sample container.
1.2 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the kilo pascal (kPa);
3.1.1.3 insoluble gum— deposit adhering to the glass
the accepted SI unit of temperature is °C.
sample container after removal of the aged fuel, precipitate,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and soluble gum. Insoluble gum is obtained by measuring the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
increase in mass of the glass sample container.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1.4 soluble gum— deterioration products present at the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
end of a specific aging period. These deterioration products
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
exist in solution in the aged fuel and as the toluene-acetone
2. Referenced Documents
soluble portion of the deposit on the glass sample container.
The soluble gum is obtained as a nonvolatile residue by
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 381 Test Method for Existent Gum in Fuels by Jet evaporating the aged fuel and the toluene-acetone washings
from the glass sample container.
Evaporation
D 525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline 3.1.1.5 total potential residue—sum of the potential gum
(Induction Period Method) and the precipitate.
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
4. Summary of Test Method
Petroleum Products
4.1 The fuel is oxidized under prescribed conditions in a
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
pressure vessel filled with oxygen. The amounts of soluble
gum, insoluble gum, and precipitate formed are weighed.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
NOTE 3—Precaution: In addition to other precautions, to provide
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
protection against the possibility of explosive rupture of the pressure
D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
vessel, the pressure vessel should be operated behind an appropriate safety
Current edition approved June 10, 1999. Published October 1999. Originally
published as D 873 – 46 T. Last previous edition D 873 – 99. shield.
Further information can be found in the June 1978, January 1979, and June
1986 editions of the Institute of Petroleum Review.
5. Significance and Use
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
5.1 The results (of these tests) can be used to indicate
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03. storage stability of these fuels. The tendency of fuels to form
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 873
gum and deposits in these tests has not been correlated with 9. Preparation of Apparatus
field performance (and can vary markedly) with the formation
9.1 Thoroughly clean a glass sample container to remove
of gum and deposits under different storage conditions.
traces of any adhering material. Immerse the container and its
cover in a mildly alkaline or neutral pH laboratory detergent
6. Apparatus
cleaning solution. The type of detergent and conditions for its
6.1 Oxidation Pressure Vessel, Burst Disc Assembly, Glass
use need to be established in each laboratory. The criterion for
Sample Container and Cover, Accessories and Pressure Gage,
satisfactory cleaning shall be a matching of the quality of that
as described in the Annex to Test Method D 525.
obtained with chromic acid cleaning solutions (or some other
NOTE 4—Pressure vessels conforming to Test Method D 525/1980 are equivalently strong oxidizing non-chromium containing acid
also suitable, but the specified burst-disc shall be attached. The burst disc
cleaning solutions) on used sample containers and covers
assembly shall be mechanically designed to ensure that it cannot be
(fresh chromic acid, 6-h soaking period, rinsing with distilled
incorrectly fitted.
water and drying). For this comparison, visual appearance and
NOTE 5—Precaution: Provision shall be made to safely vent any
mass loss on heating the glassware under test conditions may
expelled gases or flames away from the operator, other personnel, or
be used. Detergent cleaning avoids the potential hazards and
flammable materials as a safety precaution if the burst-disc ruptures.
inconveniences related to the handling of highly corrosive and
6.2 Thermometer, having a range as shown below and
strongly oxidizing acid solutions; this procedure remains the
conforming to the requirements as prescribed in Specification
reference cleaning practice and, as such, may function as an
E 1, or specifications for IP thermometers:
alternate to the preferred procedure, cleaning with detergent
solutions. Remove from the cleaning solution by means of
Thermometer Number
Thermometer Range ASTM IP corrosion-resistant steel forceps and handle only with forceps
95 to 103°C 22C 24C
thereafter. Wash thoroughly first with tap water and then with
NOTE 6—Other temperature sensing devices that cover the temperature deionized or distilled water, and dry in an oven at 100 to 150°C
range of interest, such as thermocouples or platinum resistance thermom-
for 1 h. Cool the sample containers and covers for at least 2 h
eters, that can provide equivalent or better accuracy and precision, may be
in the cooling vessel in the vicinity of the balance. Weigh to the
used in place of the thermometers specified in 6.2.
nearest 0.1 mg, and record mass.
6.3 Drying Oven, air oven maintained at 100 to 150°C.
9.1.1 Experience indicates that the amount of insoluble gum
6.4 Forceps, corrosion-resistant, steel.
is negligible in aviation reciprocating engine fuels. Therefore,
6.5 Filtering Crucible, sintered-glass, fine porosity.
the glass sample container need not be weighed when testing
6.6 Oxidation Bath, as described in the Annex to Test
such fuels unless visible evidence of insoluble matter remains
Method D 525. The liquid shall be water or a mixture of
in the container after treatment with gum solvent. In such
ethylene glycol and water, as required. The temperature can be
cases, the test must be repeated and the mass of the container
controlled thermostatically at 100 6 0.2°C, or by maintaining
recorded.
it at its boiling point, which must be between 99.5 to 100.5°C.
9.2 Drain any fuel from the pressure vessel and wipe the
If a liquid medium other than water is used, an appropriate
inside of the pressure vessel and pressure vessel closure, first
mechanical stirrer/mixer shall be used to maintain uniformity
with a clean cloth moistened with gum solvent and then with a
of the liquid bath at 100 + - 0.2°C. A non self-resettable device
clean, dry cloth. Remove the filler rod from the stem, and
shall be fitted on all new baths to ensure that the heater is
carefully clean any gum or fuel from the stem, rod, and needle
switched off if the liquid bath falls below a safe level. Users of
valve with gum solvent. The pressure vessel, the valve, and all
older baths without this device are strongly urged to have the
connecting lines shall be thoroughly dry before each test is
equipment retrofitted to ensure safe operation.
started.
NOTE 7—Electric heating blocks are known to be used. These blocks
NOTE 8—Caution: Volatile peroxides, which may have formed during
can have heating capacities, heating rates, and heat transfer characteristics
a previous test, may accumulate in the equipment, producing a potentially
that differ from those of a liquid bath. An electric heating block may be
explosive environm
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