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ASTM D873-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)

Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results (of these tests) can be used to indicate storage stability of these fuels. The tendency of fuels to form gum and deposits in these tests has not been correlated with field performance (and can vary markedly) with the formation of gum and deposits under different storage conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of aviation reciprocating, turbine, and jet engine fuels to form gum and deposits under accelerated aging conditions. (Warning—This test method is not intended for determining the stability of fuel components, particularly those with a high percentage of low boiling unsaturated compounds, as these may cause explosive conditions within the apparatus.)
Note 1—For the measurement of the oxidation stability (induction period) of motor gasoline, refer to Test Method D 525.
1.2 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the kilo pascal (kPa); the accepted SI unit of temperature is °C.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2002
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.14 - Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D873-99a - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D873-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7547-23 - Standard Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8434-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Organo-metallic Additive
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6593-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8256-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in the Sequence VH Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7960-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Non-hydrocarbon Components
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D910-21 - Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6227-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7826-23a - Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D525-12a(2019) - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7719-21a - Standard Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6201-19a - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002

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ASTM D873-02 - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)ASTM D873-02 - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
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ASTM D873-02 - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D873–02 British Standard 4456
Designation: 138/99
Standard Test Method for
Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 873; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with
established procedures.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
5
1. Scope tion Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
6
2 E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
tendencyofaviationreciprocating,turbine,andjetenginefuels
3. Terminology
to form gum and deposits under accelerated aging conditions.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard
(Warning—This test method is not intended for determining
3.1.1 The following definitions of terms are all expressed in
the stability of fuel components, particularly those with a high
terms of milligrams per 100 mL of sample, after “X” hours
percentage of low boiling unsaturated compounds, as these
aging, “X” being the accelerated aging (oxidation) period at
may cause explosive conditions within the apparatus.)
100°C.
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the oxidation stability (induction
3.1.1.1 insoluble gum—depositadheringtotheglasssample
period) of motor gasoline, refer to Test Method D 525.
container after removal of the aged fuel, precipitate, and
1.2 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the kilo pascal (kPa);
soluble gum. Insoluble gum is obtained by measuring the
the accepted SI unit of temperature is °C.
increase in mass of the glass sample container.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1.2 potential gum—sum of the soluble and insoluble
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
gum.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1.3 precipitate—sediment and suspended material in the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
aged fuel, obtained by filtering the aged fuel and washings
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from the glass sample container.
3.1.1.4 soluble gum—deterioration products present at the
2. Referenced Documents
end of a specific aging period. These deterioration products
2.1 ASTM Standards:
exist in solution in the aged fuel and as the toluene-acetone
D 381 Test Method for Existent Gum in Fuels by Jet
soluble portion of the deposit on the glass sample container.
3
Evaporation
The soluble gum is obtained as a nonvolatile residue by
D 525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline
evaporating the aged fuel and the toluene-acetone washings
3
(Induction Period Method)
from the glass sample container.
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
3.1.1.5 total potential residue—sum of the potential gum
4
Petroleum Products
and the precipitate.
D 5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination inAvia-
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The fuel is oxidized under prescribed conditions in a
1
pressure vessel filled with oxygen. The amounts of soluble
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
gum, insoluble gum, and precipitate formed are weighed.
D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
(Warning—In addition to other precautions, to provide pro-
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Originally
tection against the possibility of explosive rupture of the
approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 873–99a.
2
Further information can be found in the June 1978, January 1979, and June
1986 editions of the Institute of Petroleum Review.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
4 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D873–02
pressure vessel, the pressure vessel should be operated behind 7.2 Oxygen, commercially available extra dry oxygen of not
an appropriate safety shield.) less than 99.6 % purity.
5. Significance and Use
8. Sampling
5.1 The results (of these tests) can be used to indicate
8.1 Sample in accordance with the procedure for oxidation
storage stability of these fuels. The tendency of fuels to form
stability, as described in Prac
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
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5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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