ASTM E1767-04
(Practice)Standard Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of Materials
Standard Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of equipment for visual appraisal or measurement of appearance, those writing standards related to such equipment, and others who wish to specify precisely conditions of viewing or measuring attributes of appearance. The use of this practice makes such specifications concise and unambiguous. The functional notation facilitates direct comparisons of the geometric specifications of viewing situations and measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen, the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by the open sampling aperture.
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM standards and are excluded from the scope of this practice.
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts described in this practice have been adopted in that field of measurement.
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflecting or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of characterizing appearance, is incomplete without a full description of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.
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Designation: E1767 – 04
Standard Practice for
Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement
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to Characterize the Appearance of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1767; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The appearance of objects depends on how they are illuminated and viewed. When measurements
are made to characterize appearance attributes such as color or gloss, the measured values depend on
the geometry of the illumination and the instrumentation receiving light from the specimen. This
practice for specifying the geometry in such applications is largely based on an international standard
ISO 5/1, dealing with the precise measurement of optical density in photographic science, based on
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an earlier American National Standard.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical E284 Terminology of Appearance
measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It 2.2 Other Standard:
establishesterms,symbols,acoordinatesystem,andfunctional ISO 5/1 Photography—Density Measurements—Part 1:
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notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen, Terms, Symbols and Notations
the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a
3. Terminology
specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or
transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The terminology used in this practice is in accordance
the open sampling aperture.
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of with Terminology E284.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they
are treated in otherASTM standards and are excluded from the 3.2.1 anormal angle, n—an angle measured from the nor-
mal, toward the reference plane, to the central axis of a
scope of this practice.
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from distribution, which may be an angular distribution of flux in an
incident beam or distribution of sensitivity of a receiver.
areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical
coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded 3.2.2 aspecular angle, n—the angle subtended at the origin
by the specular axis and the axis of the receiver, the positive
from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts
described in this practice have been adopted in that field of direction being away from the specular axis.
3.2.3 aspecular azimuthal angle, n—the angle subtended, at
measurement.
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflect- the specular axis in a plane normal to the specular axis, by the
projection of the axis of the receiver and the projection of the
ing or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of
x-axis on that plane, measured from the projection of the x-axis
characterizingappearance,isincompletewithoutafulldescrip-
tion of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions in a right-handed sense with respect to the specular axis.
3.2.4 efflux, n—radiant flux reflected by a specimen or
are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional
notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1. reflection standard, in the case of reflection observations or
measurements, or transmitted by a specimen or open sampling
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This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geometry.
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2004.PublishedJuly2004.Originallyapproved
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in 1995. Discontinued December 2003 and reinstated in 2004 as E1767 – 04. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E1767-04. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
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ISO1/5 Photograhpy — Density Measurements — Part 1: Terms, symbols, and Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
notations. the ASTM website.
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ANSIPH2.36–1974AmericanNationalStandardsterms,symbols,andnotation Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
for optical transmission and reflection measurements. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E1767 – 04
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