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ASTM D7409-15(2020)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Carboxyl End Group Content of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns

Standard Test Method for Carboxyl End Group Content of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for manufacturing quality control or manufacturing quality assurance purposes to determine the CEG concentration of PET yarns used in either geogrids or geotextiles.  
5.2 The CEG content of the PET yarns may have an influence on the properties of the geosynthetic, such as its hydrolysis resistance. The lower the value, the higher the hydrolysis resistance of the yarns.  
5.3 This test does not set the limiting (maximum) value for various engineering applications. Such a specification is a decision of the design engineer, owner, and/or regulator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test procedure is based significantly on the GRI GG7 test procedure, Carboxyl End Group Content of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns.  
1.2 This test method is used to determine the concentration, in mmol/kg, of carboxyl end groups (CEG) found in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) yarns by titration.  
1.3 This test is applicable to geogrid yarns that are made from PET resin.
Note 1: This test is also applicable to high-strength geotextile yarns that are made from PET and are used in reinforcement applications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2020
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.02 - Endurance Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-13a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-May-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-12e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Refers
ASTM D123-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Feb-2012
Refers
ASTM D123-09e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Refers
ASTM D123-09e2 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Refers
ASTM D123-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Refers
ASTM D123-07 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Refers
ASTM D123-03 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Refers
ASTM D123-02 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002

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ASTM D7409-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Carboxyl End Group Content of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) YarnsASTM D7409-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Carboxyl End Group Content of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns
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ASTM D7409-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Carboxyl End Group Content of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns
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Standards Content (Sample)


This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7409 − 15 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Carboxyl End Group Content of Polyethylene Terephthalate
(PET) Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7409; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 automatic titration, n—a titration method in which a
machine is used that automatically dispenses small volumes of
1.1 This test procedure is based significantly on the GRI
the titrant and monitors the pH or the electrochemical potential
GG7 test procedure, Carboxyl End Group Content of Polyeth-
of the solution.
ylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns.
3.1.2 carboxyl end groups (CEG), n—non-reacted carbox-
1.2 This test method is used to determine the concentration,
ylic acid groups of terephthalic acid located at either end of a
in mmol/kg, of carboxyl end groups (CEG) found in poly(eth-
polymer chain.
ylene terephthalate) (PET) yarns by titration.
3.1.3 colorimetric titration, n—atitrationmethodthatmoni-
1.3 This test is applicable to geogrid yarns that are made
torsthechangeincolorofthesolutionasthetitrationproceeds.
from PET resin.
A chemical indicator sensitive to pH is added to create the
NOTE 1—This test is also applicable to high-strength geotextile yarns
color change.
that are made from PET and are used in reinforcement applications.
3.1.4 fibers, n—a generic term for any one of the various
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
types of material that form the basic structure of a geogrid (or
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
geotextile), which are characterized by having a length at least
standard.
100 times its diameter.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5 filaments, n—a continuous fiber of extremely long
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
length.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.6 potentiometric titration, n—a titration method that
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
monitors the change in electrochemical potential, expressed as
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
mV, of the solution as the titration proceeds.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.7 titration, n—titration is a standard laboratory method
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
of quantitative chemical analysis which can be used to deter-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mine the concentration of a known reactant. Typically, the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
reactionisaneutralizationreactionbetweenanacidandabase.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.8 yarns, n—a generic term for a continuous strand of
2. Referenced Documents
fibers, filaments, or material in a form suitable for knitting,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
weaving, or otherwise intertwining to form a textile related
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
geogrid (or geotextile).
3. Terminology
4. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Definitions:
4.1 This method defines a specific procedure for the deter-
mination of carboxyl end groups (CEG) of PETby a titrimetric
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
method.
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-
ance Properties.
4.2 PET yarns are dissolved in o-cresol at 80 °C. The
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally
solution is diluted with dichloro methane, and titrated against
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D7409 – 15. DOI:
10.1520/D7409-15R20.
KOH dissolved in methanol, by either a potentiometric or
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
colorimetric method. The amount of potassium hydroxide
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
required to complete the titration with the PET solution is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. measured and used to calculate to the concentration of CEGs.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7409 − 15 (2020)
5. Significance and Use 8.3 Methanol—It is moderately toxic and flammable.Avoid
inhalation and skin contact. Methanol may be absorbed
5.1 This test method can be used for manufacturing quality
through the skin. Wear the appropriate safety clothing that is
control or manufacturing quality assurance purposes to deter-
required for the chemical laboratory when handling. If contact
mine the CEG concentration of PET yarns used in either
is made, wash the affected area with water for at least 15 or
geogrids or geotextiles.
20 min, get medical treatment immediately. Keep solvent away
5.2 The CEG content of the PET yarns may have an
from sparks and flames.
influence on the properties of the geosynthetic, such as its
8.4 Dichloro Methane—It is toxic and flammable. Avoid
hydrolysis resistance. The lower the value, the higher the
breathing vapors and skin contact. If contact is made, wash the
hydrolysis resistance of the yarns.
affectedareawithwaterfor15to20min.Getmedicalattention
5.3 This test does not set the limiting (maximum) value for
immediately.
various engineering applications. Such a specification is a
decision of the design engineer, owner, and/or regulator.
9. Sample Preparation
6. Apparatus
9.1 Collect a representative sample of yarns (3 to 4 g) from
the longitudinal direction of the geogrid (or geotextile) to
6.1 An automatic titrator is the preferred equipment for this
perform three (3) replicate CEG determinations.
test method. However, acceptable results can be achieved
NOTE 2—The coating on geogrid yarns must be completely removed.
manually with the use of a micro burette, with 10 mL capacity
The recommended solvent for removal of PVC coatings is methyl ethyl
and accurate to 0.
...

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5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Test Method D6612 also is used for the quality control of filament yarns.  
5.3 Indices of Variability:  
5.3.1 Coefficient of Variation—%CV is a standard statistical calculation and is the most common index of yarn unevenness. For most textile applications in the 80 to 330 dtex (70 to 300 denier) range, a 1.0 to 1.3 %CV is adequate. %CV of yarns coarser than 666 dtex (600 denier) is not routine and usually not meaningful. %CV is less discriminating that %DS.  
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarn number up to 4000 dtex (3600 denier) and related variability properties of filament and spun yarns using an automated tester with capability for measuring mass variability characteristics.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM
ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D204-02(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sewing Threads

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Acceptance Testing—The test methods in Test Methods D204 for the determination of the properties of sewing thread are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of sewing thread, unless specified in the individual test method. These test methods are the best available and are used extensively in the trade.  
4.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more) comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods can be used to evaluate sewing threads of any fiber.  
1.1.1 The test methods in this standard are intended to evaluate only sewing thread taken from thread holders.  
1.2 These test methods only provide for the measurement of sewing thread physical properties. These test methods do not address any other properties that may be important for the satisfactory performance of sewing threads under particular end use conditions.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to measure the following properties:    
Sections  
Colorfastness to Drycleaning  
73 – 83  
Colorfastness to Laundering  
62 – 72  
Colorfastness to Water Migration  
84 – 94  
Diameter  
43 – 50  
Length per Thread Holder  
34 – 42  
Shrinkage, Single Strand  
51 – 61  
Dry Heat  
58.1  
Boiling Water  
58.2  
Strength and Elongation  
15 – 21  
Single Strand—Conditioned  
19.1.1  
Single Strand—Wet  
19.1.2  
Loop Strength  
19.2  
Knot Strength  
19.3  
Twist  
22 – 27  
Twist Balance  
28 – 33  
Yarn Number  
7 – 14
Note 1: For methods covering tests on prepared seams, refer to Test Methods D1683/D1683M and D3940.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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