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ASTM D696-08e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The coefficient of linear thermal expansion, α, between temperatures T1 and  T2 for a specimen whose length is L 0 at the reference temperature, is given by the following equation:
where L1 and  L2 are the specimen lengths at temperatures  T1 and T2, respectively. α is, therefore, obtained by dividing the linear expansion per unit length by the change in temperature.  
5.2 The nature of most plastics and the construction of the dilatometer make −30 to +30°C (−22°F to +86°F) a convenient temperature range for linear thermal expansion measurements of plastics. This range covers the temperatures in which plastics are most commonly used. Where testing outside of this temperature range or when linear thermal expansion characteristics of a particular plastic are not known through this temperature range, particular attention shall be paid to the factors mentioned in 1.2 and special preliminary investigations by thermo-mechanical analysis, such as that prescribed in Practice D4065 for the location of transition temperatures, may be required to avoid excessive error. Other ways of locating phase changes or transition temperatures using the dilatometer itself may be employed to cover the range of temperatures in question by using smaller steps than 30°C (86°F) or by observing the rate of expansion during a steady rise in temperature of the specimen. Once such a transition point has been located, a separate coefficient of expansion for a temperature range below and above the transition point shall be determined. For specification and comparison purposes, the range from −30°C to +30°C (−22°F to +86°F) (provided it is known that no transition exists in this range) shall be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion for plastic materials having coefficients of expansion greater than 1 × 10−6/°C by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer. At the test temperatures and under the stresses imposed, the plastic materials shall have a negligible creep or elastic strain rate or both, insofar as these properties would significantly affect the accuracy of the measurements. Note 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.1.1 Test Method E228 shall be used for temperatures other than −30°C to 30°C.  
1.1.2 This test method shall not be used for measurements on materials having a very low coefficient of expansion (less than 1 × 10−6/°C). For materials having very low coefficient of expansion, interferometer or capacitance techniques are recommended.  
1.2 The thermal expansion of a plastic is composed of a reversible component on which are superimposed changes in length due to changes in moisture content, curing, loss of plasticizer or solvents, release of stresses, phase changes and other factors. This test method is intended for determining the coefficient of linear thermal expansion under the exclusion of these factors as far as possible. In general, it will not be possible to exclude the effect of these factors completely. For this reason, the test method can be expected to give only an approximation to the true thermal expansion.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2008
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.30 - Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D696-16 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer
Effective Date
01-Apr-2016

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ASTM D696-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous Silica DilatometerASTM D696-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer
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ASTM D696-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D696 − 08
StandardTest Method for
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics
1
Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected parenthetical temperature values in 5.2 in March 2013.
1. Scope* responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficient
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of linear thermal expansion for plastic materials having coef-
−6
ficients of expansion greater than 1×10 /°C by use of a
2. Referenced Documents
vitreous silica dilatometer. At the test temperatures and under
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the stresses imposed, the plastic materials shall have a negli-
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
gible creep or elastic strain rate or both, insofar as these
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
properties would significantly affect the accuracy of the mea-
D4065Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Proper-
surements.
ties: Determination and Report of Procedures
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
E228Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
1.1.1 TestMethodE228shallbeusedfortemperaturesother
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
than −30°C to 30°C.
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.1.2 This test method shall not be used for measurements
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
on materials having a very low coefficient of expansion (less
E831Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
−6
than 1×10 /°C). For materials having very low coefficient of
Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis
expansion, interferometer or capacitance techniques are rec-
ommended. 3. Terminology
1.2 The thermal expansion of a plastic is composed of a 3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
reversible component on which are superimposed changes in
nology D883 unless otherwise specified.
length due to changes in moisture content, curing, loss of
4. Summary of Test Method
plasticizer or solvents, release of stresses, phase changes and
other factors. This test method is intended for determining the
4.1 This test method is intended to provide a means of
coefficient of linear thermal expansion under the exclusion of
determining the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of
these factors as far as possible. In general, it will not be
plastics which are not distorted or indented by the thrust of the
possible to exclude the effect of these factors completely. For
dilatometer on the specimen. For materials that indent, see 8.4.
this reason, the test method can be expected to give only an
The specimen is placed at the bottom of the outer dilatometer
approximation to the true thermal expansion.
tube with the inner one resting on it. The measuring device
which is firmly attached to the outer tube is in contact with the
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
top of the inner tube and indicates variations in the length of
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
the specimen with changes in temperature. Temperature
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
changes are brought about by immersing the outer tube in a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
liquid bath or other controlled temperature environment main-
tained at the desired temperature.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties
2
(Section D20.30.07). For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D696–03. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0696-08E01. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D696 − 08
5. Significance and Use itself may be employed to cover the range of temperatures in
question by using smalle
...

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1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 2: This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D695-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the ASTM specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 13.1.
Note 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1929-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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