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ASTM G77-05(2010)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test

Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The significance of this test method in any overall measurement program directed toward a service application will depend on the relative match of test conditions to the conditions of the service application.
This test method seeks only to prescribe the general test procedure and method of calculating and reporting data. The choice of test operating parameters is left to the user. A fixed amount of sliding distance must be used because wear is usually non-linear with distance in this test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of materials to sliding wear. The test utilizes a block-on-ring friction and wear testing machine to rank pairs of materials according to their sliding wear characteristics under various conditions.
1.2 An important attribute of this test is that it is very flexible. Any material that can be fabricated into, or applied to, blocks and rings can be tested. Thus, the potential materials combinations are endless. However, the interlaboratory testing has been limited to metals. In addition, the test can be run with various lubricants, liquids, or gaseous atmospheres, as desired, to simulate service conditions. Rotational speed and load can also be varied to better correspond to service requirements.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Wear test results are reported as the volume loss in cubic millimetres for both the block and ring. Materials of higher wear resistance will have lower volume loss.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2010
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.40 - Non-Abrasive Wear
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G77-05e1 - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM G176-03(2017) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastics to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test—Cumulative Wear Method
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM G115-10(2018) - Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM G137-97(2017) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastic Materials to Sliding Wear Using a Block-On-Ring Configuration
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010

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ASTM G77-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear TestASTM G77-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test
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ASTM G77-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G77 − 05 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using
1
Block-on-Ring Wear Test
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG77;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for de-
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
termining the resistance of materials to sliding wear. The test
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
utilizes a block-on-ring friction and wear testing machine to
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
rank pairs of materials according to their sliding wear charac-
teristics under various conditions.
3. Terminology
1.2 An important attribute of this test is that it is very
3.1 Definitions:
flexible.Anymaterialthatcanbefabricatedinto,orappliedto,
3.1.1 wear—damage to a solid surface, generally involving
blocks and rings can be tested. Thus, the potential materials
progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between
combinations are endless. However, the interlaboratory testing
that surface and a contacting substance or substances.
hasbeenlimitedtometals.Inaddition,thetestcanberunwith
3.1.2 Foradditionaldefinitionspertinenttothistestmethod,
various lubricants, liquids, or gaseous atmospheres, as desired,
see Terminology G40.
to simulate service conditions. Rotational speed and load can
also be varied to better correspond to service requirements.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4.1 Atest block is loaded against a test ring that rotates at a
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
given speed for a given number of revolutions. Block scar
only.Wear test results are reported as the volume loss in cubic
volume is calculated from the block scar width, and ring scar
millimetres for both the block and ring. Materials of higher
volume is calculated from ring weight loss. The friction force
wear resistance will have lower volume loss.
required to keep the block in place is continuously measured
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
during the test with a load cell. These data, combined with
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
normal force data, are converted to coefficient of friction
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
values and reported.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall
2. Referenced Documents
measurement program directed toward a service application
2
will depend on the relative match of test conditions to the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
conditions of the service application.
D2714Test Method for Calibration and Operation of the
Falex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing Machine
5.2 This test method seeks only to prescribe the general test
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
procedure and method of calculating and reporting data. The
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
choice of test operating parameters is left to the user. A fixed
Lot or Process
amount of sliding distance must be used because wear is
usually non-linear with distance in this test.
1
6. Apparatus and Materials
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of G02.40 on Non-Abrasive Wear.
6.1 Test Schematic—Aschematic of one possible block-on-
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originally
3
ε1
ring wear test geometry is shown in Fig. 1.
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as G77–05 . DOI:
10.1520/G0077-05R10.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Several machines have been found satisfactory for the purposes of this test.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on These models may differ in lever arm ratio, load range, speed control (variable or
the ASTM website. fixed), speed range, and type of friction measuring device.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G77 − 05 (2010)
9. Procedure
9.1 Clean the block and ring using a procedure that will
remove any scale, oil film, or residue without damaging the
surfa
...

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5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall measurement program directed toward a service application will depend on the relative match of test conditions to the conditions of the service application.  
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4.1 The surface-crack tension (SCT) test is used to estimate the load-carrying capacity of simple sheet- or plate-like structural components having a type of flaw likely to occur in service. The test is also used for research purposes to investigate failure mechanisms of cracks under service conditions.  
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Sections  
Tension  
7 to 14  
Bend  
15  
Hardness  
16  
Brinell  
17  
Rockwell  
18  
Portable  
19  
Impact  
20 to 30  
Keywords  
32  
1.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products are appended to these test methods as follows:    
Annex  
Bar Products  
Annex A1  
Tubular Products  
Annex A2  
Fasteners  
Annex A3  
Round Wire Products  
Annex A4  
Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing  
Annex A5  
Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens to
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Annex A6    
Testing Multi-Wire Strand  
Annex A7  
Rounding of Test Data  
Annex A8  
Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars  
Annex A9  
Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation  
Annex A10  
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4.2 Brinell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.  
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4.4 The Vickers indenter usually produces essentially the same hardness number at all test forces when testing homogeneous material, except for tests using very low forces (below 25 gf) or for indentations with diagonals smaller than about 25 µm (see Test Method E384). For isotropic materials, the two diagonals of a Vickers indentation are equal in length.  
4.5 The Knoop indenter usually produces similar hardness numbers over a wide range of test forces, but the numbers tend to rise as the test force is decreased. This rise in hardness number with lower test forces is often more significant when testing higher hardness materials, and is increasingly more significant when using test forces below 50 gf (see Test Method E384).  
4.6 The elongated four-sided rhombohedral shape of the Knoop indenter, where the length of the long diagonal is 7.114 times greater than the short diagonal, produces narrower and shallower indentations than the square-based pyramid Vickers indenter under identical test conditions. Hence, the Knoop hardness test is very useful for evaluating hardness gradients since Knoo...
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Vickers hardness and Knoop hardness of metallic materials by the Vickers and Knoop indentation hardness principles. This standard provides the requirements for Vickers and Knoop hardness machines and the procedures for performing Vickers and Knoop hardness tests.  
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:    
Verification of Vickers and Knoop Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Vickers and Knoop Hardness Standardizing Machines  
Annex A2  
Standardization of Vickers and Knoop Indenters  
Annex A3  
Standardization of Vickers and Knoop Hardness Test Blocks  
Annex A4  
Correction Factors for Vickers Hardness Tests Made on Spherical and Cylindrical Surfaces  
Annex A5  
1.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information in an appendix which relates to the Vickers and Knoop hardness tests:    
Examples of Procedures for Determining Vickers and Knoop Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X1  
1.4 This test method covers Vickers hardness tests made utilizing test forces ranging from 9.807 × 10-3 N to 1176.80 N (1 gf to 120 kgf), and Knoop hardness tests made utilizing test forces from 9.807 × 10-3 N to 19.613 N (1 gf to 2 kgf).  
1.5 Additional information on the procedures and guidance when testing in the microindentation force range (forces ≤ 1 kgf) may be found in Test Method E384, Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials.  
1.6 Units—When the Vickers and Knoop hardness tests were developed, the force levels were specified in units of grams-force (gf) and kilograms-force (kgf). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in mm or µm. However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in gf and kgf units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard as well as the...

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ASTM
ASTM G35-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels and Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polythionic Acids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Polythionic acids are chemically described as H2SxO6, where x is usually 3, 4, or 5 (1)3 though can be more than 50 (2). These acid environments provide a way of evaluating the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Failure is accelerated by the presence of increasing amounts of intergranular precipitate. Results for the polythionic acid test have not been correlated exactly with those of intergranular corrosion tests (Test Methods G28). Also, this test may not be relevant to stress corrosion cracking in chlorides or caustic environments.  
4.2 The polythionic acid environment may produce areas of shallow intergranular attack in addition to the more localized and deeper cracking mode of attack. Examination of failed specimens is necessary to confirm that failure occurred by cracking rather than mechanical failure of reduced sections.
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing and conducting the polythionic acid test at room temperature, 22 °C to 25 °C (72 °F to 77 °F), to determine the relative susceptibility of stainless steels or other related materials (nickel-chromium-iron alloys) to intergranular stress corrosion cracking.  
1.2 This practice can be used to evaluate stainless steels or other materials in the “as received” condition or after being subjected to high-temperature service, 482 °C to 815 °C (900 °F to 1500 °F), for prolonged periods of time.  
1.3 This practice can be applied to wrought products, castings, and weld metal of stainless steels or other related materials to be used in environments containing sulfur or sulfides. Other materials capable of being sensitized can also be tested in accordance with this test.  
1.4 This practice may be used with a variety of stress corrosion test specimens, surface finishes, and methods of applying stress.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E399-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The property KIc determined by this test method characterizes the resistance of a material to fracture in a neutral environment in the presence of a sharp crack under essentially linear-elastic stress and severe tensile constraint, such that (1) the state of stress near the crack front approaches tritensile plane strain, and (2) the crack-tip plastic zone is small compared to the crack size, specimen thickness, and ligament ahead of the crack.  
5.1.1 Variation in the value of KIc can be expected within the allowable range of specimen proportions, a/W and  W/B. KIc may also be expected to rise with increasing ligament size. Notwithstanding these variations, however, KIc is believed to represent a lower limiting value of fracture toughness (for 2 % apparent crack extension) in the environment and at the speed and temperature of the test.  
5.1.2 Lower and more highly variable values of fracture toughness can be obtained from specimens that fail by cleavage fracture; for example, specimens of ferritic steels tested at temperatures in the ductile-to-brittle transition region or below. Specimens failing by cleavage are also more likely to exhibit warm prestressing effects, where precracking at a temperature higher than the test temperature can artificially increase the fracture toughness measured (2). The present test method is not intended for cleavage fracture. Instead, the user is referred to Test Method E1921 and E1820 which are applicable to cleavage fracture and contain safeguards against warm prestressing. Likewise this test method should not be used when specimen failure is accompanied by appreciable plastic deformation even after the specimen size has been maximized within product dimensional constraints. Guidance on testing elastic-plastic materials is given in Test Method E1820.  
5.1.3 The value of KIc obtained by this test method may be used to estimate the relation between failure stress and crack size for a material in service wherein the condition...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture toughness (KIc and optionally KIsi) of metallic materials under predominantly linear-elastic, plane-strain conditions using fatigue precracked specimens having a thickness of 1.6 mm (0.063 in.) or greater2 subjected to slowly, or in special (elective) cases rapidly, increasing crack-displacement force. Details of test apparatus, specimen configuration, and experimental procedure are given in the annexes. Two procedures are outlined for using the experimental data to calculate fracture toughness values:  
1.1.1 The KIc test procedure is described in the main body of this test standard and is a mandatory part of the testing and results reporting procedure for this test method. The KIc test procedure is based on crack growth of up to 2 % percent of the specimen width. This can lead to a specimen size dependent rising fracture toughness resistance curve, with larger specimens producing higher fracture toughness results.  
1.1.2 The KIsi test procedure is described in Appendix X1 and is an optional part of this test method. The KIsi test procedure is based on a fixed amount of crack extension of 0.5 mm, and as a result, KIsi is less sensitive to specimen size than KIc. This less size-sensitive fracture toughness, KIsi, is called size-insensitive throughout this test method. Appendix X1 contains an optional procedure for reinterpreting the force-displacement test record recorded as part of this test method to calculate the additional fracture toughness value, KIsi.
Note 1: Plane-strain fracture toughness tests of materials thinner than 1.6 mm (0.063 in.) that are sufficiently brittle (see 7.1) can be made using other types of specimens (1).3 There is no standard test method for such thin materials.  
1.2 This test method is divided into two parts. The first part gives general recommendations and requirements for testing and includes specific requirements for the KI...

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