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ASTM F1359-99a

(Practice)

Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetration Resistance of Protective Clothing or Protective Ensembles Under a Shower Spray While on a Mannequin

Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetration Resistance of Protective Clothing or Protective Ensembles Under a Shower Spray While on a Mannequin

SCOPE
1.1 This practice measures the ability of a chemical protective suit or suit ensemble to resist liquid penetration in the form of a shower spray with surfactant treated water.  
1.2 This practice is designed to measure the liquid-tight integrity of the overall chemical protective suit, but especially of seams, closures, and interfaces with other components such as gloves, boots, hoods, and respiratory protective equipment. It is intended that this practice be used to assess liquid-tight integrity of suits and other clothing items as received from the manufacturer and worn according to their instructions.  
1.3 Resistance of suit materials to permeation or penetration should be determined in accordance with Test Methods F739 and F903, respectively.  
1.4 The gas-tight integrity of chemical protective suits should be determined in accordance with Practice F1052.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given Section 7.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-1999
ICS
13.340.10 - Protective clothing
Technical Committee
F23 - Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
Drafting Committee
F23.30 - Chemicals
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F1359-99a(2004) - Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetration Resistance of Protective Clothing or Protective Ensembles Under a Shower Spray While on a Mannequin
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Referred By
ASTM F1494-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2704-17a - Standard Specification for Air-Fed Protective Ensembles
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999
Referred By
ASTM F903-18 - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Liquids
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999

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ASTM F1359-99a - Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetration Resistance of Protective Clothing or Protective Ensembles Under a Shower Spray While on a MannequinASTM F1359-99a - Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetration Resistance of Protective Clothing or Protective Ensembles Under a Shower Spray While on a Mannequin
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ASTM F1359-99a - Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetration Resistance of Protective Clothing or Protective Ensembles Under a Shower Spray While on a Mannequin
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F 1359 – 99a
Standard Test Method for
Liquid Penetration Resistance of Protective Clothing or
Protective Ensembles Under a Shower Spray While on a
Mannequin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Personnel in industry and emergency response can be exposed to numerous chemicals capable of
causing harm upon contact with the human body. The deleterious effects of these chemicals can range
from acute trauma such as skin irritation and burn, to chronic degenerative disease such as cancer.
Since engineering controls cannot eliminate all possible exposures, attention is often placed on
reducing the potential for direct skin contact through the use of protective clothing.
Protective clothing is available in a variety of constructions, configurations and materials, and is
designed to provide various levels of protection against many hazards. Protective clothing offering the
highest level of chemical protection is constructed to prevent any contact of solid, liquid, or gaseous
chemicals with the wearer. Test Method F 1052 evaluates the integrity and construction of the vapor
protective ensembles by way of an internal pressure test. In some applications, chemical protective
clothing need only isolate the wearer from splashes of liquids. This test method evaluates the integrity
of the construction and configuration of liquid-penetration-resistant protective clothing or protective
ensembles with a shower-spray test.
Resistance of materials used in protective clothing to chemical permeation should be evaluated by
Test Method F 739 for continuous contact and Test Method F 1383 for intermittent contact (that is,
splash), or by Test Method F 1407 using the permeation cup method. Resistance of protective clothing
materials to liquid penetration should be determined by Test Method F 903.
Physical properties of materials used in the construction of protective clothing can be determined
using a variety of test methods including, Test Methods D 751 for dimensions, weight, breaking
strength, elongation, burst, tear resistance, and hydrostatic resistance; Test Method D 2582 for
puncture propagation tear resistance; Test Method D 4157 for abrasion resistance; Test Method F 392
for flexural fatigue; Test Method F 1358 for flammability, as well as many others.
1. Scope intended that this test method be used to assess the liquid
penetration resistance of protective clothing and protective
1.1 This test method measures the ability of protective
ensembles as received from the manufacturer and worn in
clothing or protective ensembles to resist liquid penetration in
accordance with their instructions.
the form of a shower spray with surfactant-treated water.
1.3 Resistance of materials used in protective clothing to
1.2 This test method measures the liquid penetration resis-
permeation or penetration can be determined in accordance
tance of the construction and configuration of the overall
with Test Methods F 739 and F 903, respectively.
protective clothing or protective ensemble, but especially of
1.4 The integrity of vapor protective ensembles is measured
seams, closures, and interfaces with other components such as
by its ability to maintain positive internal pressure with Test
gloves, boots, hoods, and respiratory protective equipment. It is
Method F 1052.
1.5 The values in SI units or in other units shall be regarded
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-23 on separately as standard. The values stated in each system must
Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.50 on
be used independently of the other, without combining values
Ensemble Performance.
in any way.
Current edition approved June 10, 1999. Published August 1999. Originally
published as F 1359 – 91. Last previous edition F 1359 – 99.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 1359 – 99a
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.5 protective clothing, n—apparel used for the purpose of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the isolating parts of the body from contact with a potential hazard.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.6 protective ensemble, n—the combination of protective
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- clothing with respiratory protective equipment, hoods, helmets,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. gloves, boots, communication systems, cooling devices, and
other accessories intended to protect the wearer from a
2. Referenced Documents
potential hazard when worn together.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.6.1 Discussion—For evaluating liquid penetration resis-
D 751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics tance, the protective ensemble includes only those clothing
D 2582 Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resis-
items or accessories which are necessary to provide resistance
tance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting to liquid penetration.
D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
3.1.7 vapor protective ensemble, n—a chemical protective
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method) ensemble used to protect the wearer from chemical liquids,
F 392 Test Method for Flex Durability of Flexible Barrier
vapors, and gases.
Materials
4. Summary of Test Method
F 739 Test Method for Resistance of Protective Clothing
4.1 A test specimen (protective clothing or protective en-
Materials to Permeation by Liquids or Gases Under Con-
ditions of Continuous Contact semble) is placed on a mannequin that is already dressed in a
liquid-absorptive garment covering portions of the mannequin
F 903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in
Protective Clothing to Penetration by Liquids form that are of interest.
4.2 Water, treated to achieve a surface tension of
F 1052 Practice for Pressure Testing of Gas-Tight Totally
Encapsulating Chemical Protective Suits 0.032 6 0.002 N/m (32 6 2 dynes/cm) is sprayed at the test
F 1358 Test Method for Effects of Flame Impingement on specimen from five nozzles positioned in a specific configura-
tion with respect to the specimen. The specimen is exposed to
Materials Used in Protective Clothing Not Designated
Primarily for Flame Resistance the liquid spray for a period of 15 min in each of four specimen
orientations.
F 1383 Test Method for Resistance of Protective Clothing
Materials to Permeation by Liquids or Gases Under Con- 4.3 Liquid penetration resistance is determined by the ab-
sence of liquid inside the specimen or on the inner liquid-
ditions of Intermittent Contact
F 1407 Test Method for Resistance of Chemical Protective absorptive garment.
4.4 The test specimen is rated as passing if liquid does not
Clothing Materials to Liquid Permeation—Permeation Cup
Method penetrate and as failing if liquid does penetrate.
5. Significance and Use
3. Terminology
5.1 This test method evaluates the ability of the construction
3.1 Definitions:
and configuration of protective clothing or protective en-
3.1.1 liquid splash protective clothing, n—protective cloth-
sembles to resist liquid penetration. In most cases, the condi-
ing used to protect the wearer from liquid splashes of chemi-
tions used in this test method will not represent actual end-use
cals.
conditions.
3.1.2 liquid splash protective ensemble, n—protective en-
5.2 The one-hour duration of the test is not intended to
semble used to protect the wearer from liquid splashes of
simulate user exposure to splashes of liquid chemical but rather
chemicals.
to provide sufficient time for enough liquid to penetrate to
3.1.3 penetration, n—for chemical-resistant clothing, in a
make visual detection easier.
protective clothing material or item, the process by which a
5.3 A nontoxic, non-foaming surfactant is added to water
solid, liquid, or gas moves through closures, seams, interstices,
for this test method to simulate liquids of lower surface
and pinholes or other imperfections on a non-molecular level.
tensions. Liquids of specific interest can be simulated by
3.1.4 permeation, n—the process by which a chemical
treating water to achieve an equivalent surface tension.
moves through a protective clothing material on a molecular
5.4 For protective clothing with water-repellent surfaces,
level.
the lower surface tension liquid will aid in the evaluation of the
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Permeation involves the following: (1)
construction and configuration of the garment because it is not
sorption of molecules of the chemical into the contacted
repelled but wets the protective clothing. This is especially
(challenge side) surface of the material, (2) diffusion of the
useful for reusable garments whose water-repellent surface
sorbed molecules in the material, and (3) desorption of the
interferes with the evaluation of their construction and con-
molecules from the opposite (collection side) surface of the
figuration when new, but is diminished after wearing and
material.
washing.
5.5 Fluorescent or colored dyes may be added to the water
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02.
to enhance detection of liquid penetration into the protective
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
clothing or protective ensemble.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
5.6 This test method can be used by both manufacturers and
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03. end users to assess liquid penetration resistance. Manufacturers
F 1359 – 99a
can use this test method to evaluate quality of construction and
effectiveness of clothing and ensemble configurations.
5.7 The clothing o
...

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1.1 This test method measures cut resistance of garments and devices worn to protect the lower body (legs) when operating a chainsaw.  
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2.2 Uniform information and performance data increase the likelihood of selecting proper particle protective clothing by direct comparison of one material with another.  
2.3 A standard format for test information and data also encourages computer storage of test results for easy retrieval, comparison, and correlations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a format for documenting information and performance data for an airborne particle penetration test.  
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1.3 Use of this guide is facilitated by adherence to procedures outlined in a standard test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F1296-08(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Chemical Protective Clothing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The standards under the jurisdiction of Committee F23 and other technical committees can be used individually or as part of an integrated protocol in the development, selection, specification, and use of chemical protective clothing.  
4.2 The standards are intended as a means by which information can be requested, generated, and reported in a consistent, comparable manner.  
4.3 The suggested evaluation and test methods are recommended guidelines only. Test methods offer procedures for evaluating chemical protective clothing at standardized conditions to allow comparison.  
4.4 The information on clothing performance must be combined with professional judgment and a clear understanding of the clothing application to provide the best protection to the worker. All chemical protective clothing use must be based on a hazard assessment to determine the risks for exposure to chemicals and other hazards. Conduct hazard assessments in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.132.  
4.5 Chemical protective clothing intended for use during hazardous materials emergencies shall be evaluated against and conform to NFPA 1991, Standard on Vapor-Protective Ensemble for Hazardous Materials Emergencies, or NFPA 1992, Standard on Liquid Splash-Protective Ensemble and Clothing for Hazardous Materials Emergencies, as appropriate for the type of emergency. For emergencies involving release of chemical agents during terrorism incidents, chemical protective clothing shall be evaluated against and conform to NFPA 1994, Standard on Protective Ensemble for Chemical/Biological Terrorism Incidents.  
4.6 Recommendations for labeling chemical protective clothing are provided in Practice F1301, recommendations for implementing a chemical protective clothing program are provided in Practice F1461, and recommendations for preparing care and maintenance instructions are provided in Practice F2061.  
4.7 Appendix X1 is an example of how several of the referenced standards can be combined into a protoc...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to aid in the application of standards for the development, specification, and selection of chemical protective clothing with the ultimate goal of maintaining the safety and health of workers who come into contact with hazardous chemicals.  
1.2 This guide provides a short description of each referenced standard and then makes specific recommendations for the use of these standards. The referenced standards are organized under the following headings: Material Chemical Resistance, Material Physical Properties, Seam and Closure Performance, and Overall Clothing Performance.  
1.3 No protocol can ensure the selection of protective clothing that guarantees worker protection. The purpose of testing is to generate data and information that will allow the selection of the most appropriate clothing. Ultimately, clothing selection is based on technical evaluation of available information and professional assessment of risk.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3352/F3352M-23b(Specification)
Standard Specification for Isolation Gowns Intended for Use in Healthcare Facilities

SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes minimum requirements for the performance and labeling of isolation gowns intended for use by healthcare workers to provide protection for standard and transmission-based precautions. The intended use of this specification is to ensure the performance properties of isolation gowns for the protection of the wearer. Four levels of barrier properties for isolation gowns are specified in ANSI/AAMI PB 70, and are included in this specification for reference purposes.  
1.2 There are other types of gowns that are used in healthcare settings, including: cover gowns, procedure gowns, comfort gowns, precaution gowns, and open-back gowns. All gowns not meeting the definition of isolation gown in 3.1.7 as defined by ANSI/AAMI PB70 are excluded from this standard.  
1.3 This specification does not address protective clothing used for surgical applications, such as surgical gowns or decontamination gowns; protective clothing for the hands, such as surgical gloves, patient examination gloves, or other medical gloves; protective clothing for the head, such as goggles or face shields, surgical caps or hoods, surgical masks, or respirators; protective clothing for the feet, such as operating room shoes, shoe covers, or surgical boots; or other types of protective clothing and equipment worn by healthcare providers.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2407/F2407M-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Surgical Gowns Intended for Use in Healthcare Facilities

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for the performance, documentation, and labeling of surgical gowns used in the healthcare facilities. It does not however cover all the requirements that a healthcare facility deems necessary to select a product, nor does it address criteria for evaluating experimental products. Barrier testing shall be conducted to determine the impact penetration, hydrostatic resistance, and viral penetration resistance performance of the critical zone(s) of the surgical gown. The physical properties of the critical zone(s) of the surgical gown shall also be tested and shall conform to the following requirements: tensile strength, tear resistance, seam strength, lint generation, evaporative resistance, and water vapor transmission rate. General safety requirements shall be set based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, flame spread, and natural rubber latex specifications.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification provides minimum requirements for surgical gowns used for protection of healthcare workers where the potential for exposure to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials exists. The specification requires barrier testing based on the system of classifying gowns established in ANSI/AAMI PB70 and sets general safety requirements for surgical gowns based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, and flame spread. Performance requirements are established for important physical properties, including tensile strength, tear strength, and seam strength. Methods to be used for optional reporting of performance of linting resistance, evaporative resistance, water vapor transmission rate, and abrasion resistance are provided.  
4.2 This specification does not address protective clothing used for nonsurgical applications, such as isolation gowns or decontamination gowns; protective clothing for the hands, such as surgical gloves, patient examination gloves, or other medical gloves; protective clothing for the head, such as goggles or face shields, surgical caps or hoods, surgical masks, or respirators; protective clothing for the feet, such as operating room shoes, shoe covers, or surgical boots; or other types of protective clothing and equipment worn by healthcare providers.  
4.3 Surgical gowns are either multiple-use or single-use products as designated by the manufacturer. This specification is intended to provide the basis for manufacturer claims for surgical gown performance and efficacy. For multiple-use gowns, this specification takes into account the anticipated care and maintenance of these products by examining test requirements for surgical gown materials both before and after the maximum expected number of cycles for laundering and sterilization.  
4.4 Additional information on the processing of multiple-use surgical gowns is provided in ANSI/AAMI ST65.  
4.5 While surgical gowns are classified for barrier performance...
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for the performance, documentation, and labeling of surgical gowns used in healthcare facilities. Four levels of barrier properties for surgical gowns are specified in ANSI/AAMI PB70 and are included in this specification for reference purposes.
Note 1: Some properties require minimum performance and others are for documentation only.
Note 2: ANSI/AAMI PB70 evaluates the barrier properties of surgical gown fabrics using water only in Levels 1, 2, and 3. Since surgical gowns are exposed to blood and other fluids with different surface tensions, the performance of additional testing to identify the barrier levels to simulated biological fluids is required for a Level 4 gown.  
1.2 This specification does not cover all the requirements that a healthcare facility deems necessary to select a product, nor does it address criteria for evaluating experimental products.  
1.3 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchase...

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ASTM
ASTM F1868-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Resistance, Evaporative Resistance, and Total Heat Loss Measurements of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss provided by fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, is of considerable importance in determining their suitability for use in fabricating protective clothing systems.  
4.1.1 The thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss can be significantly affected by environmental conditions. Extreme care must be taken when using results measured under standard testing conditions to determine a material’s suitability for use in conditions outside the testing conditions.  
4.2 The thermal interchange between people and their environment is an extremely complicated subject that involves many factors in addition to the steady-state resistance values of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies. Therefore, thermal resistance values, evaporative resistance values, and total heat loss measured on a hot plate may or may not indicate relative merit of a particular material or system for a given clothing application. While a possible indicator of clothing performance, measurements produced by the testing of fabrics have no proven correlation to the performance of clothing systems worn by people. Clothing weight, drape, tightness of fit, and so forth, can minimize or even neutralize the apparent differences between fabrics or fabric assemblies measured by this test method.  
4.3 The thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of clothing systems and items can be measured with a heated sweating manikin in an environmental chamber in accordance with Test Methods F1291, F2370, and F3426.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss under steady-state conditions of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.  
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for intrinsic thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.5 K·m2/W and for intrinsic evaporative resistance is from 0.0 to 1.0 kPa·m 2/W. The total heat loss range is from 0.0 to 1300 W/m2.  
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are provided in this standard but are not regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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