ASTM F2207-06(2023)

Standard Specification for Cured-in-Place Pipe Lining System for Rehabilitation of Metallic Gas Pipe

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements and test procedures for materials, dimensions, hydrostatic burst strength, chemical resistance, peeling strength, adhesion strength, and tensile strength properties for cured-in-place (CIP) pipe liners installed into existing metallic gas pipes for rehabilitation purposes. These cured-in-place pipe liners are intended for use in pipelines that transport natural gas, petroleum fuels (propane-air and propanebutane vapor mixtures), and manufactured and mixed gases, where resistance to gas permeation, ground movement, internal corrosion, leaking joints, pinholes, and chemical attack are required. The materials, which shall be considered separately for testing, consist of the flexible tubing, jacket, elastomer skin, and adhesive system.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements and method of testing for materials, dimensions, hydrostatic burst strength, chemical resistance, adhesion strength and tensile strength properties for cured-in-place (CIP) pipe liners installed into existing metallic gas pipes, 3/4 to 48 in. nominal pipe size, for renewal purposes. The maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) of such renewed gas pipe shall not exceed a pressure of 300 psig (2060 kPa). The cured-in-place pipe liners covered by this specification are intended for use in pipelines transporting natural gas, petroleum fuels (propane-air and propane-butane vapor mixtures), and manufactured and mixed gases, where resistance to gas permeation, ground movement, internal corrosion, leaking joints, pinholes, and chemical attack are required.  
1.2 The medium pressure (up to 100 psig) cured-in-place pipe liners (Section A) covered by this specification are intended for use in existing structurally sound or partially deteriorated metallic gas pipe as defined in 3.2.10. The high pressure (over 100 psig up to 300 psig) cured-in-place pipe liners (Section B) covered by this specification are intended for use only in existing structurally sound steel gas pipe as defined in 3.2.10. CIP liners are installed with limited excavation using an inversion method (air or water) and are considered to be a trenchless pipeline rehabilitation technology. The inverted liner is bonded to the inside wall of the host pipe using a compatible adhesive (usually an adhesive or polyurethane) in order to prevent gas migration between the host pipe wall and the CIP liner and, also, to keep the liner from collapsing under its own weight.  
1.2.1 Continued growth of external corrosion, if undetected and unmitigated, could result in loss of the host pipe structural integrity to such an extent that the liner becomes the sole pressure bearing element in the rehabilitated pipeline structure. The CIP liner is not intended to be a stand-alone pipe and relies on the structural strength of the host pipe. The operator must maintain the structural integrity of the host pipe so that the liner does not become free standing.  
1.3 MPL CIP liners (Section A) can be installed in partially deteriorated pipe as defined in 3.2.10. Even for low pressure gas distribution systems, which typically operate at less than 1 psig, MPL CIP liners are not intended for use as a stand-alone gas carrier pipe but rely on the structural integrity of the host pipe. Therefore, the safe use of cured-in-place pipe lining technology for the rehabilitation of existing cast iron, steel, or other metallic gas piping systems, operating at pressures up to 100 psig, is contingent on a technical assessment of the projected operating condition of the pipe for the expected 30 to 50 year life of the CIP liner. Cured-in-place pipe liners are intended to repair/rehabilitate structurally sound pipelines having relatively small, localized defects such as localized corrosion, welds that are weaker than required for service, or loose joints (cast iron pipe), where leaks might occur.  
1.3.1 HPL CIP liners (Section B) are intended for use only in existing st...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2023
• ICS: 23.040.15 - Non-ferrous metal pipes
• Technical Committee: F17 - Plastic Piping Systems
• Drafting Committee: F17.60 - Gas

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D883-24 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D4814-24 - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM D4814-23a - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM D883-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM F412-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM D4814-20 - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2020
• Refers: ASTM D883-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM D4814-19a - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-19c - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2019
• Refers: ASTM D763-06(2019) - Standard Specification for Raw and Burnt Umber Pigments
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-19a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2019
• Refers: ASTM F412-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-18a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM D883-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018

Overview

ASTM F2207-06(2023) – the Standard Specification for Cured-in-Place Pipe Lining System for Rehabilitation of Metallic Gas Pipe – establishes performance and testing requirements for cured-in-place (CIP) pipe liners used in the renewal and rehabilitation of existing metallic gas pipelines. These CIP pipe liners enable trenchless pipeline rehabilitation by creating a new, corrosion-resistant interior lining within existing pipes, improving infrastructure durability without extensive excavation.

Developed under internationally recognized standardization principles, this ASTM standard details methodologies for assessing materials, hydrostatic burst strength, chemical resistance, adhesion, tensile strength, dimensions, and installation procedures. The scope includes metallic gas pipes sized from 3/4 to 48 inches, with a maximum operating pressure of up to 300 psig.

Key Topics

• Material Requirements: Specifies compatible materials such as flexible tubing, textile jacket, elastomer skin, and adhesive systems to ensure gas impermeability, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength.
• Testing Procedures: Outlines how to test hydrostatic burst strength, adhesion (peel strength), tensile strength, and long-term chemical resistance in accordance with referenced ASTM methods.
• Design and Performance: Includes requirements for sustained mechanical performance, including flexibility, to withstand ground movement, internal corrosion, joint leakage, and pressure fluctuations typically present in gas distribution systems.
• Installation Methods: Defines the inversion method (air or water) for installing CIP liners in host pipes with minimal excavation, and bonding requirements to prevent gas migration.
• Safety and Quality Control: Emphasizes the need for maintaining the host pipe’s structural integrity and ongoing pipeline assessments, as the liner is not a stand-alone pressure vessel.
• Packaging and Marking: Details specifications for packaging, labeling, and traceability of the liner components for effective logistics and safety.

Applications

The ASTM F2207-06(2023) standard is integral to industries focused on the maintenance and rehabilitation of underground gas pipelines, including:

• Gas Utility Companies: For renewing aging urban and rural gas distribution networks without major service disruption or open-trench replacement.
• Pipeline Contractors: Implementing trenchless CIP liner technology to efficiently repair or reinforce steel, cast iron, or other metallic gas pipes suffering from leaks, corrosion, or joint failures.
• Municipal and Industrial Infrastructure: Extending the service life of pipelines used to transport natural gas, mixed gases, and petroleum vapors while meeting safety, environmental, and regulatory compliance.
• Engineering Firms: Specifying CIP liner systems that comply with ASTM standards in project planning, risk assessments, and life expectancy projections (typically 30–50 years).
• Product Manufacturers: Designing compatible liner components and adhesives evaluated under ASTM F2207’s defined materials and test regimes.

Related Standards

For comprehensive gas pipeline rehabilitation and safety compliance, several ASTM and other referenced standards are applicable alongside ASTM F2207-06(2023):

• ASTM D543: Evaluating the chemical resistance of plastics, relevant for CIP liner material selection.
• ASTM D1598: Testing time-to-failure of plastic pipes under internal pressure, used for determining liner long-term performance.
• ASTM D3167: Floating roller peel resistance tests for adhesives, applicable to assessing the bond between liner and host pipe.
• ASTM D4814: Specification for automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, part of the chemical resistance matrix.
• CFR 49 Part 192: U.S. federal regulations for gas pipeline safety, which include requirements for cathodic protection and corrosion monitoring of rehabilitated pipes.
• ASTM F412, D883, D2240: Terminology and testing methods for plastics and rubber used in pipe lining systems.

Practical Value

Adoption of ASTM F2207-06(2023) ensures that cured-in-place pipe liner rehabilitation projects deliver long-term, safe, and regulatory-compliant solutions for metallic gas pipelines. This standard is critical to reducing overall maintenance costs, minimizing environmental impact from pipeline replacement, and ensuring continuity of gas service through modern, trenchless infrastructure renewal methods.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2207 − 06 (Reapproved 2023) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Cured-in-Place Pipe Lining System for Rehabilitation of
Metallic Gas Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2207; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope maintain the structural integrity of the host pipe so that the liner
does not become free standing.
1.1 This specification covers requirements and method of
testing for materials, dimensions, hydrostatic burst strength,
1.3 MPL CIP liners (Section A) can be installed in partially
chemical resistance, adhesion strength and tensile strength
deteriorated pipe as defined in 3.2.10. Even for low pressure
properties for cured-in-place (CIP) pipe liners installed into
gas distribution systems, which typically operate at less than 1
existing metallic gas pipes, ⁄4 to 48 in. nominal pipe size, for
psig, MPL CIP liners are not intended for use as a stand-alone
renewal purposes. The maximum allowable operating pressure
gas carrier pipe but rely on the structural integrity of the host
(MAOP) of such renewed gas pipe shall not exceed a pressure
pipe. Therefore, the safe use of cured-in-place pipe lining
of 300 psig (2060 kPa). The cured-in-place pipe liners covered
technology for the rehabilitation of existing cast iron, steel, or
by this specification are intended for use in pipelines transport-
other metallic gas piping systems, operating at pressures up to
ing natural gas, petroleum fuels (propane-air and propane-
100 psig, is contingent on a technical assessment of the
butane vapor mixtures), and manufactured and mixed gases,
projected operating condition of the pipe for the expected 30 to
where resistance to gas permeation, ground movement, internal
50 year life of the CIP liner. Cured-in-place pipe liners are
corrosion, leaking joints, pinholes, and chemical attack are
intended to repair/rehabilitate structurally sound pipelines
required.
having relatively small, localized defects such as localized
1.2 The medium pressure (up to 100 psig) cured-in-place
corrosion, welds that are weaker than required for service, or
pipe liners (Section A) covered by this specification are
loose joints (cast iron pipe), where leaks might occur.
intended for use in existing structurally sound or partially
1.3.1 HPL CIP liners (Section B) are intended for use only
deteriorated metallic gas pipe as defined in 3.2.10. The high
in existing structurally sound steel gas pipe as defined in
pressure (over 100 psig up to 300 psig) cured-in-place pipe
3.2.10. HPL CIP liners are not intended for use as a stand-alone
liners (Section B) covered by this specification are intended for
gas carrier pipe but rely on the structural integrity of the host
use only in existing structurally sound steel gas pipe as defined
pipe. Therefore, the safe use of cured-in-place pipe lining
in 3.2.10. CIP liners are installed with limited excavation using
technology for the rehabilitation of existing steel gas piping
an inversion method (air or water) and are considered to be a
systems, operating at pressures up to 300 psig, is contingent on
trenchless pipeline rehabilitation technology. The inverted liner
a technical assessment of the projected operating condition of
is bonded to the inside wall of the host pipe using a compatible
the pipe for the expected 30 to 50 year life of the CIP liner.
adhesive (usually an adhesive or polyurethane) in order to
prevent gas migration between the host pipe wall and the CIP
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
liner and, also, to keep the liner from collapsing under its own
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
weight.
standard.
1.2.1 Continued growth of external corrosion, if undetected
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and unmitigated, could result in loss of the host pipe structural
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
integrity to such an extent that the liner becomes the sole
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
pressure bearing element in the rehabilitated pipeline structure.
The CIP liner is not intended to be a stand-alone pipe and relies priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
on the structural strength of the host pipe. The operator must
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.60 on Gas.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as F2207 – 06 (2019). DOI:
10.1520/F2207-06R23. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2207 − 06 (2023)
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.4 elastomer skin—the elastomer skin is a membrane,
2 typically made of polyurethane or polyester, allowing for both
2.1 ASTM Standards:
inversion of the liner during the installation process and
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
pressure tight in-service operation. When the flexible tubing is
D543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to
inverted into the pipeline to be rehabilitated, the elastomer skin
Chemical Reagents
becomes the inside surface of the newly rehabilitated pipeline,
D763 Specification for Raw and Burnt Umber Pigments
directly exposed to the gas being transported.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
3.2.5 expansion ratio table—a table of measured diameters
D1598 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe
of the flexible tubing at increments of pressure, supplied by the
Under Constant Internal Pressure
manufacturer. The expansion ratio is used to calculate the
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-
pressure required to fit the flexible tubing against the pipe wall
tics
and to determine the applicable range of pipe I.D. for a given
D1763 Specification for Epoxy Resins
diameter flexible tubing.
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
ness 3.2.6 flexible tubing—the flexible tube is the tubing material
D2837 Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis
inverted into the host pipe and is used to carry and distribute
for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design Basis
the adhesive. For a two-component system, the flexible tubing
for Thermoplastic Pipe Products
consists of a cylindrical jacket coated with an elastomer skin.
D3167 Test Method for Floating Roller Peel Resistance of
For a three-component system, it is the same as the elastomer
Adhesives
skin.
D3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics
3.2.7 high-pressure liner (HPL)—a CIP liner only intended
D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
for structurally sound steel pipe in sizes 4 in. and larger with an
Fuel
MAOP greater than 100 psig up to 300 psig. High pressure
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
liners (HPL) are only intended for steel pipe that has a
Related Properties of Textiles
maintained cathodic protection system with annual reads per
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
local codes, such as CFR 49 Part 192, and other mandated
Methods
maintenance, such as leak surveys. The PDB testing conducted
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
on high pressure liners is intended for the extreme case if holes
occur in the steel pipe that are not detected by the cathodic
2.2 Other Standards:
CFR 49 Part 192 protection maintenance system. Corrosion monitoring per CFR
49 Part 192 shall be conducted annually to track changes in
3. Terminology required readings and confirm there is no active corrosion
3.2.8 jacket—the jacket is a textile product that is manufac-
3.1 General—Definitions are in accordance with those set
tured into a cylindrical form. It is made of synthetic materials,
forth in Terminologies D123, D883, D4848, D4850, and F412.
typically polyester, and provides the tensile strength and
Abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600,
flexibility necessary to resist the specified sustained pressure
unless otherwise indicated.
when installed in partially deteriorated pipe as defined in
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.10.
3.2.1 adhesive system—the adhesive system is typically a
3.2.9 medium-pressure liner (MPL)—a CIP liner intended
two-part adhesive or polyurethane consisting of a resin and a
for all types of structurally sound or partly deteriorated metal
hardener. The flexible tubing, after wet-out, is inserted into the
pipes and for all applicable sizes of pipe with an MAOP of 100
pipeline to be rehabilitated using an inversion method. After
psig or less. MPL liners are relatively flexible.
the inversion is complete, the adhesive is cured using either
3.2.10 partially deteriorated metallic pipe—pipe that has
ambient or thermal processes.
either been weakened or is leaking because of localized
3.2.2 cleaned pipe—pipe whose inside wall, that which is
corrosion, welds that are weaker than required for service,
bonded to the CIP pipe liner, has been cleaned down to bare
deteriorated joints (cast iron), etc. Partially deteriorated pipe
metal and is free of tars, pipeline liquids, oils, corrosion
can support the soil and internal pressure throughout the design
by-products, and other materials that could impair the bonding
life of the composite except at the relatively small local points
of the liner to the pipe wall.
identified above.
3.2.3 composite—the composite is the combination of the
3.2.11 three-component system—a CIP pipe lining system
cured adhesive system, the elastomer skin, and the jacket.
comprised of three separate components, which are the elasto-
mer skin, the jacket, and the adhesive.
3.2.12 two-component system—a CIP pipe lining system
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
comprised of two separate components, which are the flexible
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
tube and the adhesive.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3.2.13 wet-out—the process of placing the adhesive system
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
into the flexible tubing and uniformly distributing it prior to the
Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
www.access.gpo.gov. inversion process.
F2207 − 06 (2023)
4. Materials flexible tubing, forms the composite. Either ambient or thermal
curing of the adhesive system may be used.
4.1 The materials shall consist of the flexible tubing, jacket,
and the adhesive system. The combination of materials used in
5. Requirements
both the flexible tubing and the adhesive system shall depend
5.1 Jacket and Elastomer Skin (Pre-Installation):
on the desired design characteristics of the composite. All
5.1.1 Workmanship—Both the jacket and the elastomer skin
materials shall be compatible for natural gas service. Because
shall be free from defects such as tears, bubbles, cracks, and
CIP pipe liners are both multi-component and multi-material
scratches that could cause the liner to not be able to hold
systems, it becomes necessary to specify minimum material
inversion and expansion pressures and, therefore, fail during
performance requirements for the liner composite rather than
installation. For two-component systems, the flexible tubing
specific material testing requirements for the individual com-
shall be rolled onto a reel designed to provide protection during
ponents. These requirements are outlined in Section 5.
shipping and handling. For three-component systems, the
4.1.1 Flexible Tubing—For a two-component system, the
elastomer skin shall be rolled onto reels designed to provide
flexible tubing consists of a jacket with an elastomer skin that
protection during shipping and handling. The jacket may either
functions as a gas barrier. For a three-component system, the
be rolled onto reels or folded into boxes.
elastomer skin is the flexible tubing. The elastomer skin in both
5.1.2 Dimensions—An expansion ratio table, as defined in
systems is typically made of polyurethane or polyester. The
3.2.5, including nominal size and length, shall be attached to
flexible tubing is fit tightly against the inner surface of the
each roll of flexible tubing or jacket and elastomer skin prior to
existing pipe by diametrical expansion using air or water
shipment from the manufacturer. All material dimensions and
pressure and bonded to the inner pipe wall with an adhesive.
physical properties must at least meet the minimum
4.1.2 Jacket—The jacket is made of polyester or other
specifications, requirements, or tolerances assumed in estab-
synthetic materials compatible with the application. The jacket
lishing the strength tests under Section 6.
provides the necessary strength to the composite to meet the
5.1.3 Chemical Resistance—The jacket and the elastomer
required design characteristics, for example, resistance to
skin materials shall be compatible with the liquids listed in
internal and external pressure, resistance to earth movement,
Table 1 and tested in accordance with Practice D543, Practice
and diametrical expandability.
A, Procedure I. Neither tensile strength nor elongation of any
4.1.3 Elastomer Skin—The elastomer skin holds the adhe-
of the components shall change more than 20 %. Weight of the
sive system inside the flexible tubing during the wet-out,
test specimen after testing shall not have increased by more
inversion, and curing. During the inversion and curing, the
than 14 % or decreased by more than 3 %. This test shall be a
elastomer skin holds the air, water, or steam pressure inside the
qualification test to be performed once for each class or
flexible tubing. When the flexible tubing is inverted into the
pressure rating of installed pipe liner.
existing pipe, the elastomer skin becomes the inside surface of
the lined pipe. Upon completion of the installation, the
NOTE 1—These tests are only an indication of what will happen as a
result of short-term exposure to these chemicals. For long-term results,
elastomer skin is directly exposed to the gas being transported
additional testing is required.
and forms a gas barrier. The elastomer skin shall have a high
chemical resistance to the materials it is in contact with as
5.1.4 Elastomeric Peeling Strength—The peeling strength
defined in 5.1.3. For two-component systems, the elastomer between the jacket and the elastomer skin shall meet or exceed
skin is extruded or otherwise placed on the outside of the jacket
7.0 lb/in. (1.2 kg/cm) when measured in accordance with Test
during the manufacture of the flexible tubing. Method D3167.
4.1.4 Adhesive System—The adhesive is a two-part system 5.1.5 Physical Properties—For two-component systems, the
composed of a resin and a hardener. The adhesive formulation design pressure of the flexible tubing shall be sufficient to
can be modified as necessary to meet the curing time, strength, withstand the required installation, testing, and operating
and application requirements specified for the lining installa- pressures and to form the required composite. For three-
tion. The cured adhesive system, in combination with the component systems, the design pressure of the elastomer skin
TABLE 1 Chemical Resistivity List of Reagents
Liquids Test Composition
Water (External and Internal) Freshly prepared distilled water (in accordance with Practice D543)
Gasoline (External) Gasoline-Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel per Specification D4814
Gas Condensate (Internal) 70 % volume isooctane + 30 % volume toluene
Methanol 20 % volume methanol + 80 % volume distilled water
Triethylene Glycol 10 % volume triethylene glycol + 90 % volume distilled water
Brine Solution 10 % mass NaCl solution made up with a balance of distilled water
Mineral Oil 100 % White Mineral Oil USP, specific gravity 0.830 to 0.860, Saybolt at 100 °F: 125 to 135 s, in accordance with
Practice D543
Isopropanol 10 % volume isopropanol + 90 % volume distilled water
Sulfuric Acid 5 % weight (of total solution) H SO in distilled water
2 4
Surfactants 5 % mass (of solution weight) dehydrated pure white soap flakes (dried 1 h at 105 °C) dissolved in distilled
water, in accordance with Practice D543
Mercaptans 2 % volume tertiary butyl mercaptan + 98 % volume mineral oil, white, USP
F2207 − 06 (2023)
or flexible tube shall be sufficient to withstand the installation Neither tensile strength nor elongation shall change more than
inversion pressure and the design pressure of the combined 20 %. Weight of the test specimen after testing shall not have
jacket and elastomer skin shall be high enough to withstand the increased by more than 14 % or decreased by more than 3 %.
testing and operating pressures and to form the composite. For This test shall be a qualification test to be performed once for
both systems the flexible tubing shall be flexible enough to each class or pressure rating of installed pipe liner.
allow installation using the inversion method.
NOTE 2—These tests are only an indication of what will happen as a
result of short-term exposure to these chemicals. For long-term results,
5.2 Adhesive System (Post-Installation and Cure):
additional testing is required.
5.2.1 General—The adhesive system shall provide uniform
bonding of the jacket to the I.D. of the host pipe. The adhesive 5.4 MAOP (Post-Installation and Cure):
shall provide protection against gas tracking between the 5.4.1 The lined partially deteriorated pipe, as defined in
composite and the host pipe when the installed cured liner 3.2.10, shall have an MAOP. The determination of the MAOP
(composite) is penetrated for any reason. For three-component shall be based on the Pressure Design Basis (PDB) obtained in
systems the adhesive system shall also provide uniform bond- accordance with 6.1 and shall be the responsibility of the CIP
ing of the elastomer skin to the jacket. pipe liner manufacturer.
5.2.2 Composite Liner Peeling Strength
MAOP 5 PDB × 0.50
5.2.2.1 Section A-For MPL liners, the peeling strength of
the composite liner from the wall of the cleaned pipe shall be
6. Test Methods
tested in accordance with Test Method D3167 and shall not be
6.1 Sustained Pressure Test:
less than 6.0 lb/in. (1.0 kg/cm).
6.1.1 Lined partially deteriorated metallic pipe, as defined in
5.2.2.2 Section B-For HPL liners, the peeling strength shall
3.2.10, shall be used for all sustained pressure testing. For
not be less than 10.0 lb/in. (1.7 kg/cm).
testing purposes and establishing pipeline MAOP, partially
5.2.3 Chemical Resistance—The cured adhesive system
deteriorated pipe shall be simulated by a minimum full
shall have resistance to the chemicals listed in 5.1.3. The
circumference gap between two pipe segments and a hole size
weight of the test specimen shall not increase by more than
as defined in the table below.
14 % nor decrease by more than 3 % and it shall retain at least
Nominal Linear Circumferential Minimum
80 % of both its hardness, when measured in accordance with
Pipe Pipe Gap Diameter
Test Method D2240, and its peeling strength, when measured
Diameter Size Hole Size
Section A
in accordance with Test Method D3167. This test shall be a
3 1
⁄4 in.-3 in. MPL 1 in. ⁄2 nominal pipe
qualification test to be performed once for each class of
diameter in
adhesives developed by each manufacturer.
pipe body
5.3 Composite (Post-Installation and Cure):
4 in.-10in. MPL 1.5 in. 2 in.
5.3.1 Mechanical Properties:
12 in. and MPL 2 in. 4 in.
5.3.1.1 Peeling Strength—The peeling strength of the com-
larger
posite shall be determined by the peeling strength of the
Section B
4 in. and HPL 1 in. 2 in.
adhesive system as required in 5.2.2.
larger
5.3.1.2 Strength Test—The manufacturer shall conduct pres-
Note- The sustained pressure test is only used to establish the PDB rating,
sure tests to demonstrate the strength of the composite. The
and does not imply the CIP liners can perform structurally as a stand-alone
pipe.
tests shall be conducted on properly lined partially deteriorated
pipe as defined in 3.2.10. For a given pipeline operating 6.1.2 Lined pipe samples are capped and tested to failure
pressure rating, the lined partially deteriorated pipe shall be
using either an extension of Test Method D1598, with suitable
tested at a minimum pressure of two times the certified MAOP modifications in analysis and data validation or, the method-
of the pipeline for a minimum of one hour without leakage. The
ology developed and validated by Battelle for GTI, as outlined
MAOP shall be determined as defined in 5.4. Nitrogen gas, air, in Annex A1 of this specification, to develop a stress regression
or water may be used to conduct the strength tests. curve at 73 °F.
5.3.1.3 Flexibility Tests—For flexible MPL liners, the manu- 6.1.3 Pressure Design Basis—Either an extension of Test
facturer shall demonstrate the flexibility of each liner compos- Method D2837 which has been validated for CIP liners or, the
ite product as installed in partially deteriorated pipe by methodology developed by Battelle for GTI, as outlined in
performing either a tensile test, see 6.1.4, or a bend test, see Annex A1 of this specification, shall be used to determine the
6.1.5, while pressurized to the certified MAOP of the lined pressure design basis for CIP lined partially deteriorated pipe.
pipeline. For both of these tests, the liner composite shall not 6.1.4 Tensile Test—Two contiguous pipe segments made of
leak for a minimum period of 24 h. These tests are not similar material to the pipe to be lined (steel, cast iron, copper,
considered as quality control tests and are not needed for etc.), each 10 ft in length, shall be lined and, while at the
acceptance of individual lots or runs.
certified pipeline MAOP, then pulled apart in tension until
5.3.2 Chemical Resistance—The composite shall be com- there is a minimum separation of 2 in. between the pipe
patible with the liquids listed in 5.1.3, Table 1, and tested in segments.
accordance with Practice D543, Practice B. The level of 6.1.5 Bend Test—Two contiguous pipe segments made of
applied stress in Practice B shall be determined by the similar material to the pipe to be lined (steel, cast iron, copper,
manufacturer and reported along with the results of this test. etc.), each 10 ft in length, shall be lined and, while at the
F2207 − 06 (2023)
certified pipeline MAOP, then bent at the pipe joint to form a 9. Packaging and Package Marking
minimum separation of 2 in. between the pipe segments.
9.1 Jacket and Elastomer Skin:
7. Manufacturing Quality Control
9.1.1 The elastomer skin shall be rolled onto a reel. The reel
7.1 Jacket and Elastomer Skin or Flexible Tubing—For shall be strong enough to protect the materials from damage
quality control and assurance purposes, tests of each diameter and all surfaces that contact the materials shall be appropriately
and size of the jacket and elastomer skin for three-component coated to prevent damage to the elastomer skin. The loaded
systems and of the flexible tubing for two-component systems reels shall be sealed in plastic for protection during shipping.
shall be conducted at the beginning and end of each production
For three component systems, the jacket can be packaged as
run, and for each 10 000 ft of production or extrusion when a
recommended by the manufacturer.
production run exceeds 10 000 ft.
9.1.2 Shipping reels and boxes shall be marked with the
7.2 Adhesive System and Its Components—Sampling shall name of the product, its type and size, lot or control number,
be done for each production lot. The curing time and the and quantity contained as defined by the contract or purchase
adhesive strength, as specified in 5.2.2, shall be documented by
order under which the shipment is made.
the manufacturer. Measured values must be within prescribed
9.2 Adhesive System—All packaging and package marking
tolerances given by the manufacturer.
shall be in accordance with Specification D763, Section 10. All
7.3 The Composite—The sampling and tests shall be as
packing, packaging, and marking provisions of Practice D3892
specified by the purchaser.
shall apply to this specification. Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS) shall be supplied and packaged with each shipment.
8. Product Marking
8.1 The flexible hose shall be clearly marked throughout its
10. Keywords
length, at intervals not exceeding 5 ft (1.5 m), with the product
designation, size, design ASTM Standard, and date of manu- 10.1 composite; cured-in-place; flexible tubing; gas pipe
facture. renewal; inversion; rehabilitation
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. DETERMINATION OF THE DESIGN PRESSURE FOR CURED-IN-PLACE LINERS
IN PARTIALLY DETERIORATED PIPE
A1.1 Introduction time-to-failure. Judicious extrapolation of this data to longer
times gives the desired result. If the desired service life
A1.1.1 The life of deteriorating buried gas distribution
(“design life”) is specified, the data can be used to determine
piping can be extended by lining the pipe. Rehabilitation
the expected internal pressure that can be safely sustained at
technologies utilize the existing cavity and the structural
that time. This is termed the “design pressure.” Conversely, if
support of the old pipe by inserting a liner into the old pipe.
the operating pressure is specified, the data can be used to
Cured-in-place (CIP) liners typically have an elastomeric layer
determine the service life for which the lined pipe will sustain
in contact with the gas to inhibit permeation, and a fabric
this internal pressure safely. The qualifier with respect to
backing to contain the pressure. The liner is attached to the host
“safety” implies the use of a suitable safety factor. An
pipe by an adhesive that cures and stiffens. Liners of this type
alternative approach developed by Battelle for the Gas Tech-
can be characterized as having an elastomer-fabric-adhesive
structure. nology Institute is presented here. Battelle’s approach allows
the number of test data to be reduced, and some tests to be
A1.1.2 When determining the “life” of a liner, it is neces-
performed on coupon specimen rather than full-scale host pipe.
sary to specify the cause of failure, because different driving
forces generally result in different estimates of “life.” In the
A1.1.4 Pipe is lined because the integrity of the original host
methodology described in this Annex, the stress field that
pipe is questionable. This means that the pipe has leaks (holes)
causes failure is assumed to be the internal operating pressure.
or is expected to leak in the near future. Therefore, the
The “life” calculated on this basis is referred to as “stress
long-term evaluation of lined pipe that fails because of internal
rupture life.”
pressure needs to consider the effect of:
Internal pressure,
A1.1.3 A traditional and well-established method of deter-
Hole size,
mining the long-term strength of unlined pipe is to pressurize
Hole shape,
the pipe (possibly at higher temperatures to accelerate the
Host pipe diameter, and
process) and note the time-to-failure. Repetition of this experi-
ment using different pressures gives a graph of pressure versus Operating temperature.
F2207 − 06 (2023)
A1.1.5 To extend traditional testing methods to lined pipe of empirical relationship between the internal pressure and the
different diameters and different holes, a large test matrix time-to-failure is obtained (for a specific pipe diameter, hole
becomes necessary. This is likely to be time-consuming and shape, hole size, and operating temperature). By geometrically
expensive. By combining full-scale (or traditional) tests with extrapolating the short-term data, one can obtain a design
coupon testing and a mathematical model, the procedure is able pressure corresponding to a desired design life. It is assumed
to reduce the amount of testing and extrapolate data on a more that there is only one mode of failure in the short-term data set,
rational basis. This approach is described in the sections titled, and that the same mode of failure will be exhibited over the
“Material Characterization,” and “Mathematical Modeling.” It period of extrapolation. The entire procedure may have to be
has been validated for two commercial liners, both of which repeated to account for parameters such as hole size, hole
had the elastomer-fabric-adhesive structure described earlier. shape, host pipe diameter and operating temperature.
A1.1.6 The methodology described in this Annex docu- A1.2.2 On the other hand, if the empirical data are used in
ments the specifics of the mathematical model that was conjunction with an applicable theoretical model, fewer tests
originally described in a Gas Research Institute (GRI) report. are required, coupon testing can be substituted for some of the
The equations differ somewhat from those presented in the full-scale testing, and a more rational extrapolation basis can
original report because of slight changes in nomenclature and be used. The applicability of the model is determined by
rectification of minor errors. A stepwise procedure applicable
whether an equivalence can be demonstrated between tensile
to liners other than those tested and documented in the Gas tests on coupons and stress-rupture tests on lined pipe with
Research Institute (GRI) report is also given herein.
machined defects. This equivalence implies a unique relation-
ship between load per width (LPW) and internal pressure for a
A1.1.7 This Annex is formatted such that the methodology
specified hole size. The mathematical model described here
is described, and the roles of the materials characterization and
demonstrates and quantifies such an equivalence for a particu-
mathematical modeling are clarified. Sections in this Annex
lar class of liners.
(along with a brief description of the contents) are:
A1.1.7.1 Stress Rupture Life Determination—Defines em- A1.2.3 Whether the testing uses coupons or full-scale lined
pirical relationships between operating pressure, burst
pipe, the number of specimens must be large enough so that the
pressure, time-to-failure, and operating temperature, for a data are statistically valid. At least three to five LPW (or
given hole shape and size, and pipe diameter based on
pressure) levels should be tested, with at least three replicates
measured data. If the model is applicable to the liner behavior, at each level. The temperature range should cover the expected
the burst pressure can be calculated from material properties as
temperature range of the liner in operation. The LPW (or
a function of hole shape and size, and pipe diameter. The model pressure) levels need to be selected so that the specimen failure
has been validated for two liners with the elastomer-fabric-
times are relatively evenly distributed over the full range of test
adhesive structure. times. This may require substantial trial-and-error because
A1.1.7.2 Material Characterization—Defines the material
fiber composites tend to have a narrow range of LPW (or
properties that are necessary, and indicates the manner of data pressure) levels over which failure occurs. If the load is too
acquisition and data processing. high the failure is immediate; if the load is too low, failure
A1.1.7.3 Mathematical Modeling—Lists the equations that
times are very long. This emphasizes the importance of
comprise the model, and the physical origin of the equations. multiple test fixtures. The maximum duration of the testing is
A1.1.7.4 Selection of the Failure Criterion and Computa-
guided by the expected design life for the liner. In general,
tion of Burst Pressure—Gives an overview of how the equa- good practice suggests that data should not be extrapolated by
tions are to be processed, and specifies the input variables and
more than two orders of magnitude when estimating the design
the output variables. life. This translates to tests with a maximum duration of 2500
A1.1.7.5 Procedure to Estimate Design Pressure—Gives a
h for a 30-year design life. The mode of failure must be the
stepwise process to determine design pressure of a CIP liner. same for all specimens. If the mode of failure changes because
of stress level or temperature, only data that have the same
A1.2 Stress Rupture Life Determination
mode of failure can be analyzed together.
A1.2.1 In full-scale stress-rupture tests, lined pipe of a
A1.2.4 For convenience, a dimensionless quantity, P, is
specific diameter, with the host pipe having a hole of specific
defined as the ratio of the LPW to the ultimate LPW for tensile
dimensions and a specific shape, is held under sustained
coupons, or the ratio of pressure to the burst pressure for a
internal pressure until the liner ruptures. When the rupture is
given size defect for full scale specimens. A power law curve
immediate (under conditions of rapidly increasing internal
is fit to isothermal data where t is the time to failure, and the
f
pressure), the pressure at rupture is termed the “burst pressure”
constants a and b determined by regression analysis.
or the “ultimate strength.” At pressures less than the burst
b
P 5 a·t (A1.1)
f
pressure, failure is not immediate but occurs after a time period
termed “time-to-failure.” By repeating the test using different A1.2.5 If data at different temperatures are available, the
internal pressures, but keeping all other variables constant, an form of the equation changes to:
1 1
b k' 2
~ !
P 5 a·t ·e T 529.7 (A1.2)
f
Francini, R. M., Pimputkar, S. M., Wall, G., and Battelle, M. O., The Long-Term
where T is the temperature in degrees Rankine, the constants
Performance of the Starline® 200 Liner for Gas Distribution Systems, GRI-00/
0237. a, b and k' are determined from the regression analysis, and e
F2207 − 06 (2023)
is the natural logarithm and has the value of 2.71828. The
statistical level of confidence for the constants should be
specified.
A1.2.6 Once the constants have been determined, Eq A1.1
or Eq A1.2 can be used with the specified design life to obtain
the design pressure. This will give the maximum allowable
LPW or pressure for a given pipe diameter and defect size at
the design life. The next step is to extend this data set to any
defect size and pipe diameter. This is done by relating coupon
test data and hole dimensions to lined pipe burst pressure
through material characterization and mathematical modeling.
FIG. A1.2 Liner After It is Slit Open (Note the Orientation of the
A1.3 Material Characterization Coupons)
A1.3.1 Coupon Preparation—The flexible tubing is shipped
“flattened out,” and has folds or creases. (See Fig. A1.1.) The
installed liner is to be slit open in such a way as to produce
to the load, the LPW and the axial and transverse strains can be
coupon samples that include the creases in some cases and
calculated and graphed.
coupons without the creases in other cases. The coupons are cut
A1.3.4 Fig. A1.8 shows a typical load/width-axial strain
in several orientations: axially and in the hoop direction. If
curve. Close to the origin, the curve is dominated by the
necessary some coupons can be cut oriented in the 45°
strength of the adhesive, and away from the origin, the curve is
direction. (See Fig. A1.2.)
dominated by the strength of the fiber-elastomer liner. The
A1.3.2 To represent normal installation conditions, the liner
LPW-strain curve can be approximated by two straight lines (a
should be tested with the same thickness of adhesive that is
bilinear curve) as shown in Fig. A1.9. The point of intersection
present in a normal installation. One way to make test
of the two lines represents the yield point and the values at this
specimens that are representative of field conditions is to flatten
point are the yield strain and the yield LPW. The slope
the liner between two sheets of metal with the adhesive applied
represents the modulus of elasticity. Least-squares linear re-
to the same side of the liner (the fabric side) as in practice, as
gression gives the equations for the bilinear approximation as:
shown in Fig. A1.3. If necessary, a release agent can be applied
y 5 m x1c (A1.3)
a1 a1
to the metal to facilitate removal of the specimens. A coupon
for the left-hand portion, and
cross section is shown in Fig. A1.4. Woven liners often have a
crease where they have been flattened for spooling. Whether
y 5 m x1c (A1.4)
a2 a2
the crease affects liner properties significantly has to be
for the right-hand portion.
determined by comparing tensile test data for samples with and
The constants m and m represent the slopes of the lines, and
L R
without the crease. If the presence of a crease is significant, this
the constants c and c represent intercepts on the y-axis.
L R
has to be considered in formulating the test matrix.
A1.3.5 The next step is to plot the load versus the transverse
A1.3.3 The approach described here applies directly to
strain. This will result in a plot that has a similar shape to that
liners in which the hoop and axial fibers are orthogonal to each
in Figs. A1.8 and A1.9, but the strain will be negative in most
other. Tensile properties need to be determined in the hoop and
cases. The same procedure described above is used to fit the
axial orientations for the fabric as shown in Fig. A1.5. Fig.
two parts of the curve to straight lines. The resulting regression
A1.6 shows a coupon being subjected to tensile stress. The
of the two straight-line portions of these curves will give the
specimen needs to be wide enough (0.75 to 1.00 in.) so that a
following equations for the initial portion of the curve and
representative number of fibers is included. (See Fig. A1.7)
secondary straight-line portions of the curve:
Based on measurements of the dimensions of the coupon, the
load, and the strain in the direction of the load and transverse
y 5 m x1c (A1.5)
t1 t1
y 5 m x1c (A1.6)
t2 t2
The constants m and m represent the slopes of the lines,
t1 t2
and the constants c and c represent the intercepts on the
t1 t2
y-axis.
A1.3.6 The procedure to determine material properties
based on the bilinear approximation is as follows:
A1.3.6.1 The primary modulus is given by:
E 5 m (A1.7)
1 a1
A1.3.6.2 The secondary modulus is given by:
E 5 m (A1.8)
2 a2
FIG. A1.1 Liner Before It is Slit Open A1.3.6.3 The primary Poisson ratio is given by:
F2207 − 06 (2023)
FIG. A1.3 Preparation of Tensile Specimen from Flattened Liner Material (Not to Scale)
2ν
12_1
S 5 (A1.11)
E
A1.3.9.2 The secondary interaction compliance (S ) is
12-2
determined using the following equation:
2ν
12_2
S 5 (A1.12)
E
A1.4 Mathematical Modeling
FIG. A1.4 Cross Section of Coupon (Not to Scale)
A1.4.1 This model applies to an elastomer-fabric liner
whose shear stiffness is small compared with its stiffness in the
axial and hoop directions. The purpose of this model is to use
2m
t1
coupon test data, hole size data, and material property data to
ν 5 (A1.9)
ah_1
m
a1 calculate the ultimate strength of the liner. This enables the
calculation of service life or design pressure using Eq A1.1 or
A1.3.6.4 The secondary Poisson ratio is given by:
Eq A1.2 with greatly reduced full-scale testing of lined pipe.
2m
t2
Some burst test data are necessary to select the appropriate
ν 5 (A1.10)
ah_2
m
a2
failure criterion, and additional burst test data are necessary to
A1.3.6.5 The intersection of the lines, that is, the solution of validate the model.
Eq A1.3 and A1.4 gives the load/width at yield (on the y-axis)
A1.4.2 The model solves equilibrium equations, strain dis-
and the strain at yield (on the x-axis).
placement equations, constitutive equations, and compatibility
A1.3.6.6 The maximum value for the load/width is the
equations in conjunction with a failure model. Each is de-
ultimate load/width.
scribed below:
A1.3.7 The following properties need to be determined for
A1.4.2.1 Equilibrium—Static equilibrium of the exposed
the hoop and axial orientations:
liner is expressed by the following equation:
Yield strain (ε ),
y
N N
h a
Load/width at yield (N ),
1 5 p (A1.13)
y
r r
h a
Primary modulus ( E ),
Secondary modulus (E ), where:
Primary Poisson ratio (ν ),
N = hoop load/width,
12_1
h
Secondary Poisson ratio (ν ) and
N = axial load/width,
12_2
a
Ultimate load/width (N ) r = radius of curvature of liner in hoop direction,
uts h
r = radius of curvature of liner in axial direction, and
a
A1.3.8 The orientations in the axial and hoop orientations
p = applied pressure.
will be indicated by subscripts “a” and “h” on the parentheses
respectively. For example, the yield strain the hoop direction A1.4.2.2 Strain Displacement—The defect is assumed to be
will be represented by (ε ) , and the secondary modulus in the uniquely characterized by two dimensions, w in the hoop
y h
hoop orientation will be denoted by (E ) . direction, and L in the axial direction. For circular defects, L =
2 h
w. It is assumed that the liner deforms into a circular arc at the
A1.3.9 At least five tests need to be performed in each
hole in each of these directions, as shown in Fig. A1.10. The
orientation. The averaged values for each property and orien-
strains are then given by:
tation are used in subsequent calculations. For convenience,
w
material properties termed compliance coefficients can be
2·r · sin
S D
h
defined as follows: 2·r
h
ε 5 2 1 (A1.14)
h
w
A1.3.9.1 The primary interaction compliance (S ) is de-
12-1
D sin
S D
termined using the following equation: D
F2207 − 06 (2023)
FIG. A1.5 Definition of Fiber Orientation for Tensile Testing
FIG. A1.7 Coupon Size
FIG. A1.6 Schematic of Tensile Test NOTE A1.1—Strictly speaking, S in Eq A1.17 is S . Normally these
12 21
are equal, but with a fabric they may not be. This will be determined
during the material property testing described above. In the case that they
L
are not, it must be taken into account when solving the series of equations.
2·r · sin 2 L
S D
a
2·r
a
A1.4.2.4 Compatibility Equations—As the liner bulges out
ε 5 (A1.15)
a
L
of the defect, it is constrained to pass through the end-points of
where: the defect. This requirement, in conjunction with the assump-
tion that the shape of the liner in the axial and hoop directions
D = diameter of the host pipe.
is a circular arc, gives the following relationships for the radius
A1.4.2.3 Constitutive Equations—The liner is assumed to
of curvature of the bulge in each direction:
be an orthotropic membrane without any shear stiffness. The
L h
relationship between stress and strain is then given by the
r 5 1 (A1.18)
a
8·h 2
following equations:
w h
r 5 1 (A1.19)
ε 5 ·N 1S ·N (A1.16) h
8·h 2
h h 12 a
E
h
where:
ε 5 S ·N 1 ·N (A1.17)
a 12 h a
E
h = height of the liner bulge beyond the pipe wall.
a
When using Eq A1.16 and A1.17, it is noted that the A1.4.2.5 Failure Criteria—Two failure criteria have been
coefficients are different above and below the yield strain used successfully with liners. They are the maximum stress
because of the bilinear approximation. The appropriate primary criterion and the interactive stress criterion. In the maximum
and secondary properties should be used. stress criterion, failure occurs when either the hoop load/width
F2207 − 06 (2023)
FIG. A1.8 Load/Width (N) versus Strain Showing Adhesive Dominance and Fiber-Elastomer Dominance
FIG. A1.9 Properties Defined on the Basis of the Bilinear Approximation
reaches the ultimate hoop load/width or the axial load/width In the interactive stress criterion, failure occurs when the
reaches the ultimate axial load/width. This means tha
...