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ASTM G73-04

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing

Standard Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers tests in which solid specimens are eroded or otherwise damaged by repeated discrete impacts of liquid drops or jets. Among the collateral forms of damage considered are degradation of optical properties of window materials, and penetration, separation, or destruction of coatings. The objective of the tests may be to determine the resistance to erosion or other damage of the materials or coatings under test, or to investigate the damage mechanisms and the effect of test variables. Because of the specialized nature of these tests and the desire in many cases to simulate to some degree the expected service environment, the promulgation of a method is not deemed practicable. This practice gives guidance in setting up a test, and specifies test and analysis procedures and reporting requirements that can be followed even with quite widely differing materials, test facilities, and test conditions. It also provides a standardized scale of erosion resistance numbers applicable to metals and other structural materials. It serves, to some degree, as a tutorial on liquid impingement erosion.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are provided for information.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2004
ICS
19.060 - Mechanical testing
77.060 - Corrosion of metals
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.10 - Erosion by Solids and Liquids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G73-98 - Standard Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Replaced By
ASTM G73-10 - Standard Test Method for Liquid Impingement Erosion Using Rotating Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM G134-17(2023) - Standard Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by Cavitating Liquid Jet
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM G32-16(2021)e1 - Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004

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ASTM G73-04 - Standard Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion TestingASTM G73-04 - Standard Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing
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ASTM G73-04 - Standard Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:G73–04
Standard Practice for
1
Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG73;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
1.1 This practice covers tests in which solid specimens are
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and
eroded or otherwise damaged by repeated discrete impacts of
Scleroscope Hardness
liquid drops or jets. Among the collateral forms of damage
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
considered are degradation of optical properties of window
ASTM Test Methods
materials, and penetration, separation, or destruction of coat-
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
ings. The objective of the tests may be to determine the
MeasurementofReflectionandTransmissionPropertiesof
resistance to erosion or other damage of the materials or
Materials
coatings under test, or to investigate the damage mechanisms
G1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-
and the effect of test variables. Because of the specialized
sion Test Specimens
natureofthesetestsandthedesireinmanycasestosimulateto
G32 Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory
some degree the expected service environment, the promulga-
Apparatus
tion of a method is not deemed practicable.This practice gives
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
guidance in setting up a test, and specifies test and analysis
G134 Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by a
procedures and reporting requirements that can be followed
Cavitating Liquid Jet
even with quite widely differing materials, test facilities, and
3
2.2 Military Standards:
test conditions. It also provides a standardized scale of erosion
MIL-C-83231 Coatings, Polyurethane, Rain Erosion Resis-
resistance numbers applicable to metals and other structural
tance for Exterior Aircraft and Missile Plastic Parts
materials. It serves, to some degree, as a tutorial on liquid
MIL-P-8184 Plastic Sheet, Acrylic, Modified
impingement erosion.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3. Terminology
standard.The inch-pound units in parentheses are provided for
3.1 See Terminology G40 for definitions of terms that are
information.
not defined below in either 3.2 or 3.3. 3.2 quotes definitions,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
takenfromTerminologyG40,forimportanttermsrelatedtothe
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
title, Scope, or Summary of this practice. 3.3 gives definitions
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of terms specific to this practice that are not in Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
G40.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions—All definitions listed below are quoted
2. Referenced Documents from Terminology G40–02G40.
2
3.2.1 cumulative erosion-time curve, n—in cavitation and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
impingement erosion, a plot of cumulative erosion versus
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
cumulative exposure duration, usually determined by periodic
of Transparent Plastics
interruption of the test and weighing of the specimen. This is
E92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materi-
the primary record of an erosion test. Most other characteris-
als
tics, such as the incubation period, maximum erosion rate,
terminal erosion rate, and erosion rate-time curve, are derived
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and
from it.
Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.10 on Erosion by
3.2.2 damage, n—in cavitation or impingement, any effect
Solids and Liquids.
on a solid body resulting from its exposure to these phenom-
Current edition approved Nov 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as G73–98. DOI: ena.This may include loss of material, surface deformation, or
10.1520/G0073-04.
anyotherchangesinmicrostructure,properties,orappearance.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
the ASTM website. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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5.1 Erosion Environments—This test method may be used for evaluating the erosion resistance of materials for service environments where solid surfaces are subjected to repeated impacts by liquid drops or jets. Occasionally, liquid impact tests have also been used to evaluate materials exposed to a cavitating liquid environment. The test method is not intended nor applicable for evaluating or predicting the resistance of materials against erosion due to solid particle impingement, due to “impingement corrosion” in bubbly flows, due to liquids or slurries “washing” over a surface, or due to continuous high-velocity liquid jets aimed at a surface. For background on various forms of erosion and erosion tests, see Refs (1) through (2).4 Ref (3) is an excellent comprehensive treatise.  
5.2 Discussion of Erosion Resistance—Liquid impingement erosion and cavitation erosion are, broadly speaking, similar processes and the relative resistance of materials to them is similar. In both, the damage is associated with repeated, small-scale, high-intensity pressure pulses acting on the solid surface. The precise failure mechanisms in the solid have been shown to differ depending on the material, and on the detailed nature, scale, and intensity of the fluid-solid interactions (Note 1). Thus, “erosion resistance” should not be regarded as one precisely-definable property of a material, but rather as a complex of properties whose relative importance may differ depending on the variables just mentioned. (It has not yet been possible to successfully correlate erosion resistance with any independently measurable material property.) For these reasons, the consistency between relative erosion resistance as measured in different facilities or under different conditions is not very good. Differences between two materials of say 20 % or less are probably not significant: another test might well show them ranked in reverse order. For bulk materials such as metals and structural plastics, the...
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1.1 This test method covers tests in which solid specimens are eroded or otherwise damaged by repeated discrete impacts of liquid drops or jets. Among the collateral forms of damage considered are degradation of optical properties of window materials, and penetration, separation, or destruction of coatings. The objective of the tests may be to determine the resistance to erosion or other damage of the materials or coatings under test, or to investigate the damage mechanisms and the effect of test variables. Because of the specialized nature of these tests and the desire in many cases to simulate to some degree the expected service environment, the specification of a standard apparatus is not deemed practicable. This test method gives guidance in setting up a test, and specifies test and analysis procedures and reporting requirements that can be followed even with quite widely differing materials, test facilities, and test conditions. It also provides a standardized scale of erosion resistance numbers applicable to metals and other structural materials. It serves, to some degree, as a tutorial on liquid impingement erosion.  
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5.1 Erosion Environments—This test method may be used for evaluating the erosion resistance of materials for service environments where solid surfaces are subjected to repeated impacts by liquid drops or jets. Occasionally, liquid impact tests have also been used to evaluate materials exposed to a cavitating liquid environment. The test method is not intended nor applicable for evaluating or predicting the resistance of materials against erosion due to solid particle impingement, due to “impingement corrosion” in bubbly flows, due to liquids or slurries “washing” over a surface, or due to continuous high-velocity liquid jets aimed at a surface. For background on various forms of erosion and erosion tests, see Refs (1) through (2).4 Ref (3) is an excellent comprehensive treatise.  
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1.1 This test method covers tests in which solid specimens are eroded or otherwise damaged by repeated discrete impacts of liquid drops or jets. Among the collateral forms of damage considered are degradation of optical properties of window materials, and penetration, separation, or destruction of coatings. The objective of the tests may be to determine the resistance to erosion or other damage of the materials or coatings under test, or to investigate the damage mechanisms and the effect of test variables. Because of the specialized nature of these tests and the desire in many cases to simulate to some degree the expected service environment, the specification of a standard apparatus is not deemed practicable. This test method gives guidance in setting up a test, and specifies test and analysis procedures and reporting requirements that can be followed even with quite widely differing materials, test facilities, and test conditions. It also provides a standardized scale of erosion resistance numbers applicable to metals and other structural materials. It serves, to some degree, as a tutorial on liquid impingement erosion.  
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