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ASTM C1497-16

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Stabilized Thermal Insulation

Standard Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Stabilized Thermal Insulation

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the composition and physical properties of spray-applied cellulosic fiber stabilized thermal insulation applied to open or closed ceiling spaces, regardless of slope. The basic material shall be recycled cellulosic fiber made from selected paper or paperboard stock. Stabilized cellulosic fiber thermal insulation is produced by the addition of adhesive(s) to loose-fill cellulosic fiber insulation. Additives are introduced to provide properties such as flame resistance, processing and handling characteristics. An adhesive is added to the insulation product to resist long-term settling of the insulation after installation and curing. Different test methods shall be performed in order to determine the following properties of thermal insulation: density, corrosiveness, critical radiant flux, fungi resistance, water vapor sorption, odor emission, smoldering combustion, thermal resistance, flame resistance permanency, shrinkage, and settling.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the composition and physical properties of spray-applied cellulosic fiber stabilized thermal insulation applied to open or closed ceiling spaces, regardless of slope, where temperatures range from –49 to 194°F (–45 to 90°C).  
1.2 Stabilized cellulosic fiber thermal insulation is produced by the addition of adhesive(s) to loose-fill cellulosic fiber insulation. The adhesive(s) are either added to the insulation at time of manufacture and, if necessary, activated by the addition of water when installed or the adhesive(s) are otherwise added to the insulation at the time of installation.  
1.3 This is a material specification that is not intended to deal with methods of application that are supplied by the manufacturer.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2016
ICS
91.120.10 - Thermal insulation of buildings
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.23 - Blanket and Loose Fill Insulation
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM C168-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Refers
ASTM C168-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Oct-2015
Refers
ASTM C168-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Jun-2017
Refers
ASTM C167-15 - Standard Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or Batt Thermal Insulations
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM C168-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Apr-2018

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REDLINE ASTM C1497-16 - Standard Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Stabilized Thermal Insulation
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1497 −16
Standard Specification for
1
Cellulosic Fiber Stabilized Thermal Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C739Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal
Insulation
1.1 This specification covers the composition and physical
C1149Specification for Self-Supported Spray Applied Cel-
properties of spray-applied cellulosic fiber stabilized thermal
lulosic Thermal Insulation
insulation applied to open or closed ceiling spaces, regardless
C1304Test Method for Assessing the Odor Emission of
of slope, where temperatures range from –49 to 194°F (–45 to
Thermal Insulation Materials
90°C).
C1338Test Method for Determining Fungi Resistance of
1.2 Stabilizedcellulosicfiberthermalinsulationisproduced
Insulation Materials and Facings
by the addition of adhesive(s) to loose-fill cellulosic fiber
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
insulation.The adhesive(s) are either added to the insulation at
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
timeofmanufactureand,ifnecessary,activatedbytheaddition
E970TestMethodforCriticalRadiantFluxofExposedAttic
of water when installed or the adhesive(s) are otherwise added
Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
to the insulation at the time of installation.
3. Terminology
1.3 This is a material specification that is not intended to
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
deal with methods of application that are supplied by the
specification, see Terminology C168.
manufacturer.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.2.1 shrinkage—decrease in thickness that occurs from the
as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for informa-
time of installation until the insulation is dry (see 7.2.5).
tion only.
3.2.2 stabilized cellulose—a cellulosic insulation product
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
treated to resist, after drying, further settling of no more than
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5%.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Materials and Manufacture
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The basic material shall be recycled cellulosic fiber
made from selected paper or paperboard stock. Additives are
2. Referenced Documents
introduced to affect different performance characteristics, in-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cluding those related to fire performance, processing, and
C167Test Methods forThickness and Density of Blanket or
handling. An adhesive is added to the insulation product to
Batt Thermal Insulations
resist long-term settling of the insulation after installation and
C168Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
curing.
C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
4.2 The materials are processed into a form suitable for
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
installation by a pneumatic method.
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
4.3 Theadhesiveisaddedtotheproducteitheratthetimeof
manufacture or at the time of installation by means of a liquid
1 spray.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on
Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.23 on
5. Physical and Chemical Properties
Blanket and Loose Fill Insulation.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originally
5.1 Density—The density of conditioned stabilized insula-
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C1497–12. DOI:
3 3
tion in lb/ft (kg/m ) shall be determined in accordance with
10.1520/C1497-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Section 7.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.2 Corrosiveness—The loose-fill insulation material shall
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. be tested for corrosiveness in accordance with Section 8. The
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1497 − 16
composition of the insulation material shall be such that after 5.11 Settling—The settling (S ) determined in accordance
2
testing,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1497 − 12 C1497 − 16
Standard Specification for
1
Cellulosic Fiber Stabilized Thermal Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the composition and physical properties of spray-applied cellulosic fiber stabilized thermal
insulation applied to open or closed ceiling spaces, regardless of slope, where temperatures range from -49–49 to 194°F (-45(–45
to 90°C).
1.2 Stabilized cellulosic fiber thermal insulation is produced by the addition of adhesive(s) to loose-fill cellulosic fiber
insulation. The adhesive(s) may beare either added to the insulation at time of manufacture and, if necessary, activated by the
addition of water when installed or the adhesive may beadhesive(s) are otherwise added to the insulation at the time of installation.
1.3 This is a material specification that is not intended to deal with methods of application that are supplied by the manufacturer.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or Batt Thermal Insulations
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the
Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C739 Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation
C1149 Specification for Self-Supported Spray Applied Cellulosic Thermal Insulation
C1304 Test Method for Assessing the Odor Emission of Thermal Insulation Materials
C1338 Test Method for Determining Fungi Resistance of Insulation Materials and Facings
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Exposed Attic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this specification, see Terminology C168.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 shrinkage—decrease in thickness that occurs from the time of installation until the insulation achieves a stableis dry (see
7.2.5moisture content.).
3.2.2 stabilized cellulose—a cellulosic insulation product treated to resist, after drying, further settling of no more than 5 %.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 The basic material shall be recycled cellulosic fiber made from selected paper or paperboard stock. Additives are introduced
to provide properties such as flame resistance, processing and handling characteristics. affect different performance characteristics,
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.23 on Blanket and Loose
Fill Insulation.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2012October 2016. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20042012
as C1497C1497 – 12.04. DOI: 10.1520/C1497-12.10.1520/C1497-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1497 − 16
including those related to fire performance, processing, and handling. An adhesive is added to the insulation product to resist
long-term settling of the insulation after installation and curing.
4.2 The materials are processed into a form suitable for installation by a pneumatic method.
4.3 The adhesive may be is added to the product either at the time of manufacture or at the time of installation by means of
a liquid spray.
5. Physical and Chemical Properties
3 3
...

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* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
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5.2 Numerous research projects have recently been initiated to develop insulation materials that have very high thermal resistivities (greater than 83 (m K)/W). Projects ranging from coatings to improve the thermal performance of single pane/layer glazing systems to the development of novel insulation products for building envelopes are being undertaken (1-4). All these projects have struggled in the development of new material technologies due to the difficulty associated with the measurement of thermal conductivity of small sections (approximately 0.025 m by 0.025 m) of high thermal resistance materials. As new materials are being developed, the size of each test specimen impacts the cost of development. Most of the existing test equipment and the methods do not align with the researcher’s need; the equipment requires a large specimen size is time consuming, and expensive to produce.  
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1.1 This practice covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission properties of the small flat slab thermal insulation specimen using a heat-flow-meter apparatus.  
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1.3 This practice characterizes small specimens having lateral dimensions less than the lateral dimensions of the heat flux transducer used to measure the heat flow. The procedure in Test Method C518 shall be used for specimens having lateral dimensions equal to or larger than the lateral dimensions of the heat flux transducer.
Note 1: The lower limit for specimen size is typically determined by the user for their particular material. As an example, Ref. (1)2 established a lower limit for specimen dimensions of 0.1 m by 0.1 m for several different thermal insulation materials for a 0.3 m by 0.3 m heat-flow-meter apparatus having a heat flux transducer 0.15 m by 0.15 m.  
1.4 This practice is intended only for research purposes, in particular, when larger specimens are unavailable. This practice shall not be used in conjunction with Test Method C518 for certification testing of products; compliance with ASTM Specifications; or compliance with regulatory or building code requirements.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationall...

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ASTM C1199-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method details the calibration and testing procedures and necessary additional temperature instrumentation required in applying Test Method C1363 to measure the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems mounted vertically in the thermal chamber.  
4.2 The thermal transmittance of a test specimen is affected by its size and three-dimensional geometry. Care must be exercised when extrapolating to product sizes smaller or larger than the test specimen. Therefore, it is recommended that fenestration systems be tested at the recommended sizes specified in Practice E1423 or NFRC 100.  
4.3 Since both temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient conditions affect results, use of recommended conditions will assist in reducing confusion caused by comparing results of tests performed under dissimilar conditions. Standardized test conditions for determining the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems are specified in Practice E1423 and Section 6.2. The performance of a test specimen measured at standardized test conditions is potentially different than the performance of the same fenestration product when installed in the wall of a building located outdoors. Standardized test conditions often represent extreme summer or winter design conditions, which are potentially different than the average conditions typically experienced by a fenestration product installed in an exterior wall. For the purpose of comparison, it is essential to calibrate with surface heat transfer coefficients on the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) which are as close as possible to the conventionally accepted values for building design; however, this procedure can be used at other conditions for research purposes or product development.  
4.4 Similarly, it would be desirable to have a surround panel that closely duplicates the actual wall where the fenestration system would be installed. Since there are such a wide variety of fenestration system openings in North American...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers requirements and guidelines and specifies calibration procedures required for the measurement of the steady-state thermal transmittance of fenestration systems installed vertically in the test chamber. This test method specifies the necessary measurements to be made using measurement systems conforming to Test Method C1363 for determination of fenestration system thermal transmittance.  
Note 1: This test method allows the testing of projecting fenestration products (that is, garden windows, skylights, and roof windows) installed vertically in a surround panel. Current research on skylights, roof windows, and projecting products hopefully will provide additional information that can be added to the next version of this test method so that skylight and roof windows can be tested horizontally or at some angle typical of a sloping roof.  
1.2 This test method refers to the thermal transmittance, U of a fenestration system installed vertically in the absence of solar radiation and air leakage effects.
Note 2: The methods described in this document may also be adapted for use in determining the thermal transmittance of sections of building wall, and roof and floor assemblies containing thermal anomalies, which are smaller than the hot box metering area.  
1.3 This test method describes how to determine the thermal transmittance, US of a fenestration product (also called test specimen) at well-defined environmental conditions. The thermal transmittance is also a reported test result from Test Method C1363. If only the thermal transmittance is reported using this test method, the test report must also include a detailed description of the environmental conditions in the thermal chamber during the test as outlined in 10.1.14.  
1.4 For rating purposes, this test method also describes how to calculate a standardized thermal transmittance,  UST, which can be used to compare test results from labor...

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ASTM
ASTM C1155-95(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance of Thermal Resistance Measurements—Knowledge of the thermal resistance of new buildings is important to determine whether the quality of construction satisfies criteria set by the designer, by the owner, or by a regulatory agency. Differences in quality of materials or workmanship may cause building components not to achieve design performance.  
5.1.1 For Existing Buildings—Knowledge of thermal resistance is important to the owners of older buildings to determine whether the buildings should receive insulation or other energy-conserving improvements. Inadequate knowledge of the thermal properties of materials or heat flow paths within the construction or degradation of materials may cause inaccurate assumptions in calculations that use published data.  
5.2 Advantage of In-Situ Data—This practice provides information about thermal performance that is based on measured data. This may determine the quality of new construction for acceptance by the owner or occupant or it may provide justification for an energy conservation investment that could not be made based on calculations using published design data.  
5.3 Heat Flow Paths—This practice assumes that net heat flow is perpendicular to the surface of the building envelope component within a given subsection. Knowledge of surface temperature in the area subject to measurement is required for placing sensors appropriately. Appropriate use of infrared thermography is often used to obtain such information. Thermography reveals nonuniform surface temperatures caused by structural members, convection currents, air leakage, and moisture in insulation. Practices C1060 and C1153 detail the appropriate use of infrared thermography. Note that thermography as a basis for extrapolating the results obtained at a measurement site to other similar parts of the same building is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.4 User Knowledge Required—This practice requires that the user have knowledge that the data empl...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers how to obtain and use data from in-situ measurement of temperatures and heat fluxes on building envelopes to compute thermal resistance. Thermal resistance is defined in Terminology C168 in terms of steady-state conditions only. This practice provides an estimate of that value for the range of temperatures encountered during the measurement of temperatures and heat flux.  
1.2 This practice presents two specific techniques, the summation technique and the sum of least squares technique, and permits the use of other techniques that have been properly validated. This practice provides a means for estimating the mean temperature of the building component for estimating the dependence of measured R-value on temperature for the summation technique. The sum of least squares technique produces a calculation of thermal resistance which is a function of mean temperature.  
1.3 Each thermal resistance calculation applies to a subsection of the building envelope component that was instrumented. Each calculation applies to temperature conditions similar to those of the measurement. The calculation of thermal resistance from in-situ data represents in-service conditions. However, field measurements of temperature and heat flux may not achieve the accuracy obtainable in laboratory apparatuses.  
1.4 This practice permits calculation of thermal resistance on portions of a building envelope that have been properly instrumented with temperature and heat flux sensing instruments. The size of sensors and construction of the building component determine how many sensors shall be used and where they should be placed. Because of the variety of possible construction types, sensor placement and subsequent data analysis require the demonstrated good judgement of the user.  
1.5 Each calculation pertains only to a defined subsection of the building envelope. Combining results from different subsections to characterize...

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ASTM C1340/C1340M-10(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimation of Heat Gain or Loss Through Ceilings Under Attics Containing Radiant Barriers by Use of a Computer Program

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Manufacturers of radiant barriers express the performance of their products in terms of the total hemispherical emittance. The purpose of a radiant barrier is to decrease the radiation heat transfer across the attic air space, and hence, to decrease the heat loss or gain through the ceiling below the attic. The amount of decrease in heat flow will depend upon a number of factors, such as weather conditions, amount of mass or reflective insulation in the attic, solar absorptance of the roof, geometry of the attic and roof, and amount and type of attic ventilation. Because of the infinite combinations of these factors, it is not practical to publish data for each possible case.  
5.2 The calculation of heat loss or gain of a system containing radiant barriers is mathematically complex, and because of the iterative nature of the method, it is best handled by computers.  
5.3 Computers are now widely available to most producers and consumers of radiant barriers to permit the use of this practice.  
5.4 The user of this practice may wish to modify the data input to represent accurately the structure. The computer program also may be modified to meet individual needs. Also, additional calculations may be desired, for example, to sum the hourly heat flows in some fashion to obtain estimates of seasonal or annual energy usages. This might be done using the hourly data as inputs to a whole-house model, and by choosing house balance points to use as cutoff points in the summations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the estimation of heat gain or loss through ceilings under attics containing radiant barriers by use of a computer program. The computer program included as an adjunct to this practice provides a calculational procedure for estimating the heat loss or gain through the ceiling under an attic containing a truss or rafter mounted radiant barrier. The program also is applicable to the estimation of heat loss or gain through ceilings under an attic without a radiant barrier. This procedure utilizes hour-by-hour weather data to estimate the hour-by-hour ceiling heat flows. The interior of the house below the ceiling is assumed to be maintained at a constant temperature. At present, the procedure is applicable to sloped-roof attics with rectangular floor plans having an unshaded gabled roof and a horizontal ceiling. It is not applicable to structures with flat roofs, vaulted ceilings, or cathedral ceilings. The calculational accuracy also is limited by the quality of physical property data for the construction materials, principally the insulation and the radiant barrier, and by the quality of the weather data.  
1.2 Under some circumstances, interactions between radiant barriers and HVAC ducts in attics can have a significant effect on the thermal performance of a building. Ducts are included in an extension of the computer model given in the appendix.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C518-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a rapid means of determining the steady-state thermal transmission properties of thermal insulations and other materials with a high level of accuracy when the apparatus has been calibrated appropriately.  
4.2 Proper calibration of the heat flow meter apparatus requires that it be calibrated using specimen(s) having thermal transmission properties determined previously by Test Methods C177, or C1114.
Note 1: Calibration of the apparatus typically requires specimens that are similar to the types of materials, thermal conductances, thicknesses, mean temperatures, and temperature gradients as expected for the test specimens.  
4.3 The thermal transmission properties of specimens of a given material or product may vary due to variability of the composition of the material; be affected by moisture or other conditions; change with time; change with mean temperature and temperature difference; and depend upon the prior thermal history. It must be recognized, therefore, that the selection of typical values of thermal transmission properties representative of a material in a particular application should be based on a consideration of these factors and will not apply necessarily without modification to all service conditions.  
4.3.1 As an example, this test method provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain any free moisture although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables, such as mean temperature and temperature difference. These dependencies should be measured or the test made at conditions typical of use.  
4.4 Special care shall be taken in the measurement procedure for specimens exhibiting appreciable inhomogeneities, anisotropies, rigidity, or especially high or low resistance to heat flow (see Practice C1045). The use of a heat flow meter apparatus when there are thermal bridges present in the specimen may ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission through flat slab specimens using a heat flow meter apparatus.  
1.2 The heat flow meter apparatus is used widely because it is relatively simple in concept, rapid, and applicable to a wide range of test specimens. The precision and bias of the heat flow meter apparatus can be excellent provided calibration is carried out within the range of heat flows expected. This means calibration shall be carried out with similar types of materials, of similar thermal conductances, at similar thicknesses, mean temperatures, and temperature gradients, as expected for the test specimens.  
1.3 This a comparative, or secondary, method of measurement since specimens of known thermal transmission properties shall be used to calibrate the apparatus. Properties of the calibration specimens must be traceable to an absolute measurement method. The calibration specimens should be obtained from a recognized national standards laboratory.  
1.4 The heat flow meter apparatus establishes steady state one-dimensional heat flux through a test specimen between two parallel plates at constant but different temperatures. By appropriate calibration of the heat flux transducer(s) with calibration standards and by measurement of the plate temperatures and plate separation. Fourier’s law of heat conduction is used to calculate thermal conductivity, and thermal resistivity or thermal resistance and thermal conductance.  
1.5 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice C1045. Many advances have been made in thermal technology, both in measurement techniques and in improved understanding of the principles of heat flow through materials. These advances have prompted revisions in the conceptual approaches to the measurement of the thermal transmission properties (1-4).2 All users of this test method should be aware of these concepts.  
1.6 This test method is ...

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