ASTM D4097-01(2010)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Contact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks
Standard Specification for Contact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks
ABSTRACT
This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by contact molding for above-ground vertical installation, to contain aggressive chemicals at essentially atmospheric pressure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester, resin. This specification does not cover the design of vessels intended for pressure above hydrostatic, vacuum conditions, except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points. The tanks are classified as type I and II according to the operating pressure or vacuum levels, and the safety factor required for external pressure. The tanks are further classified as grade 1 and 2 according to the generic types of thermoset resin. The resin used shall be a commercial grade, corrosion-resistant thermoset. The reinforcement should be a chopped-strand mat, a nonwoven biaxial or unidirectal fabric, a woven roving, or a surface mat. Materials shall be tested and the individual grades shall conform to specified values of design requirements such as straight shell, external pressure, top head, bottom head, open-top tanks, joints, fittings, hold-down lugs, and lifting lugs; laminate construction requirements such as structural tank, joints, and fittings and accessories; and other requirements such as physical properties, chemical resistance of resin, glass content, tensile strength, flexural properties and degree of cure. The dimensions and tolerances, as well as the workmanship, finish and appearance are also detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by contact molding for above-ground vertical installation, to contain aggressive chemicals at essentially atmospheric pressure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester, resin. Included are requirements for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship, and appearance.
1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vessels intended for pressure above hydrostatic, vacuum conditions, except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
Note 1—Special design consideration should be given to vessels subject to superimposed mechanical forces, such as earthquakes, wind load, or agitation, to vessels subject to service temperature in excess of 180°F (82°C), and to vessels with unsupported bottoms.
Note 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D4097 −01 (Reapproved 2010) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Contact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin
Corrosion-Resistant Tanks
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4097; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope C581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of
Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by
Structures Intended for Liquid Service
contact molding for above-ground vertical installation, to
C582 Specification for Contact-Molded ReinforcedThermo-
contain aggressive chemicals at essentially atmospheric
setting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-Resistant
pressure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl
Equipment
ester,resin.Includedarerequirementsformaterials,properties,
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship,
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
and appearance.
D790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vessels
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
intended for pressure above hydrostatic, vacuum conditions,
als
except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
liquids heated above their flash points.
D2150 Specification for Woven Roving Glass Fabric for
Polyester-Glass Laminates (Withdrawn 1987)
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plas-
tics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
information purposes only.
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
NOTE 1—Special design consideration should be given to vessels
Resins
subject to superimposed mechanical forces, such as earthquakes, wind
D2996 Specification for Filament-Wound “Fiberglass’’
load, or agitation, to vessels subject to service temperature in excess of
180°F (82°C), and to vessels with unsupported bottoms. (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
D2997 Specification for Centrifugally Cast “Fiberglass”
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This D3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics
standarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,
D4024 Specification for Machine Made “Fiberglass” (Glass-
ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuser Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Flanges
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
D5421 Specification for Contact Molded “Fiberglass”
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita- (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Flanges
tions prior to use.
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
2.2 ANSI Standards:
2. Referenced Documents
B 16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class
25, 125, 250, and 800
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B 16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges, Flanged Valves and Fittings
3. Terminology
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced 3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
Plastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.
nologies D883 and F412, unless otherwise indicated.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published January 2010. Originally
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4097 - 01. DOI:
10.1520/D4097-01R10.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4097−01 (2010)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.1.1.4 Ultraviolet absorbers may be added for improved
3.2.1 contact molding—includes the “hand lay-up” or a weather resistance if agreed upon between the fabricator and
the purchaser.
combination of the “hand lay-up” and the “spray-up” manu-
facturing processes. 5.1.1.5 Antimony compounds or other fire-retardant agents
may be added to halogenated resins for improved fire
4. Classification resistance, if agreed upon between the fabricator and the
purchaser.
4.1 Tanks meeting this specification are classified according
to type. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify the
NOTE 6—Because the addition of fire-retardant agents may interfere
with visual inspection of laminate quality, they should not be used in the
requirement for Type II tanks, the operating pressure or
inner surface (7.1.1) or interior layer (7.1.2), unless their functional
vacuum levels, and the safety factor required for external
advantages would outweigh the loss of visual inspection.
pressure.Absence of a designation of type required shall imply
5.2 Reinforcement:
that Type I is adequate.
5.2.1 Chopped-Strand Mat—Chopped-strand mat shall be
4.1.1 Type I—Atmospheric pressure tanks vented directly to
constructed from chopped commercial-grade E-type glass
the atmosphere, designed for pressure no greater or lower than
strands bonded together using a binder. The strands should be
atmospheric.
treated with a sizing that is chemically compatible with the
4.1.2 Type II—Atmospheric pressure tanks vented directly
resin system used.
into a fume conservation system, and designed to withstand,
thespecifiedpositiveandnegativepressurenottoexceed14in.
NOTE 7—The selection of the particular chopped-strand mat is depen-
of water (355.6 mm) when all tie-down lugs are properly
dent upon the performance characteristics required of the finished product
secured, in accordance with the fabricator’s recommendations and upon the processing techniques to be used.
for flat-bottom tanks.
5.2.2 Nonwoven Biaxial or Unidirectal Fabric—These
4.2 Tanks meeting this specification are classified according products shall be a commercial grade of E-type glass fiber with
a sizing that is chemically compatible with the resin system
to type as follows:
4.2.1 Grade 1—Tanks manufactured with a single generic used.
type of thermoset resin throughout. 5.2.3 Woven Roving—Woven roving shall be in accordance
with Specification D2150.
4.2.2 Grade 2—Tanks manufactured with different generic
types of thermoset resin in the barrier and the structural
5.2.4 Surface Mat—The reinforcement used for the inner
portion. surface (7.1.1) shall be either a commercial-grade chemical
resistant glass surface mat or an organic-fiber surface mat. In
NOTE 3—The external corrosive environment due to spillage or
environments that attack glass, the use of an organic-fiber
corrosivevaporsshouldbeconsideredwhenspecifyingGrade2tanks(see
surface mat is required.
7.1.3.3).
5. Materials and Manufacture 6. Design Requirements
5.1 Resin—The resin used shall be a commercial grade, 6.1 StraightShell—Theminimumrequiredwallthicknessof
corrosion-resistant thermoset that has either been evaluated in the cylindrical straight shell at any fluid level shall be deter-
a laminate by test in accordance with 11.3, or that has been mined by the following equation, but shall not be less than ⁄16
determined by previous documented service to be acceptable in.:
for the service conditions. Where service conditions have not
t 5 PD/2S 5 0.036 γ HD/2S or 0.2489 γ HD/2S
~ !
H H H
been evaluated, a suitable resin may also be selected by
where:
agreement between fabricator and purchaser.
5.1.1 The resin shall contain no pigment, dyes, colorants, or t = wall thickness, in. (mm),
filler, except as follows: S = allowable hoop tensile stress (not to exceed ⁄10 of the
H
ultimate hoop strength), psi (kPa) (see 11.8),
5.1.1.1 A thixotropic agent that does not interfere with
P = pressure, psi (kPa),
visual inspection of laminate quality, or with the required
H = fluid head, in. (mm),
corrosion resistance of the laminate, may be added for viscos-
γ = specific gravity of fluid, and
ity control.
D = inside diameter of tank, in. (mm).
NOTE 4—The addition of a thixotropic agent may reduce the resistance
NOTE8—Theuseofanacceptedanalyticaltechnique,suchaslaminated
ofmanyresinsystemstocertaincorrosivechemicalenvironments.Itisthe
plate theory (LPT), for design and analysis of composite vessels may
responsibility of the fabricator, using a thixotropic agent in the resin
predict stresses, strains, and strength on a ply-by-ply basis, given some
required for 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, to ascertain its compatibility with the
basic lamina properties.
corrosive environment when this has been reported by the purchaser.
NOTE 9—The calculation is suitable for the shell design of elevated
dished-bottom tanks that are mounted or supported below the tangent of
5.1.1.2 Resinpastesusedtofillcrevicesbeforeoverlayshall
the dished-bottom head. Special consideration must be given to the
not be subject to the limitation of 5.1.1.
loading on the straight shell at the support when tank has mounting
5.1.1.3 Resin may contain pigment, dyes, or colorants when
supports located above the tangent line.
agreed upon between fabricator and purchaser.
NOTE10—TableX2.1,AppendixX2,illustratesminimumstraight-shell
wall thicknesses.
NOTE5—Theadditionofpigment,dyes,orcolorantsmayinterferewith
visual inspection of laminate quality. 6.2 Design for External Pressure:
D4097−01 (2010)
6.2.1 Cylindrical Shells—For cylindrical shells, compute
0.5
the value 1.73 (D /t) . If the result is less than L/D of the
o o
cylinder, compute P as follows:
a
2.5
P 5 2.6 E/F D /L t/D
~ ! ~ !
~ !
a o o
If the result is greater than L/D of the cylinder, compute P
o a
as follows:
2.5
2.6~E/F!~D /L!~t/D !
o o
P 5
0.5
a
L/D 2 0.45 t/D
~ ! ~ !
o o
where:
D = outside diameter, in.,
o
E = hoop tensile modulus of the filament wound structural
t
laminate, psi (kPa),
F = design factor = 5,
L = design length, in. (mm), of a vessel section, taken as
the largest of the following: (a) the distance between
head tangent lines plus one-third the depth of each
FIG. 1 Jointed Head Detail
formed head, if there are no stiffening rings (excluding (Sketch A)
conical heads and sections); (b) the distance between
cone-to-cylinder junctions for vessels with a cone or
where:
conical heads if there are no stiffening rings; (c) the
D = shell outside diameter, in. (mm),
greatest center-to-center distance between any two
o
E = hoop tensile modulus, psi (kPa),
adjacent stiffening rings; (d) the distance from the
h
F = design factor = 5,
center of the first stiffening ring to the formed head
4 4
I = moment of inertia, in. (mm ), of stiffener for the
tangentlineplusone-thirdthedepthoftheformedhead s
effective length of shell, L ,
s
(excluding conical heads and sections), all measured
L = one-half of the distance from the centerline of the
s
parallel to the axis of the vessel; (e) the distance from
stiffening ring to the next line of support on one side,
the first stiffening ring in the cylinder to the cone-to-
plus one-half of the centerline distance to the next line
cylinder junction,
of support on the other side of the stiffening ring, both
P = allowable external pressure, psi (kPa), and
a
measured parallel to the axis of the cylinder, in.Aline
t = wall thickness, in. (mm) (nominal).
of support is the following: (a) a stiffening ring that
6.2.2 Torispherical Heads—For torispherical heads, com-
meets the requirements of this paragraph; (b )a
pute the allowable external pressure, P , as follows:
a
circumferentiallineonaheadatone-thirdthedepthof
P 5 0.36~E/F! t/R the head from the head tangent line; (c) a cone-to-
~ !
a o
cylinder junction,
where:
P = actual external pressure, psi (kPa).
R = outside crown radius of head, in. (mm).
o
Typical half-round stiffener sizes and dimensions for differ-
For toruspherical heads subject to internal loading, the ent values of I are shown in Fig. 4. Other stiffener profiles
s
knuckle radius shall be externally reinforced in accordance
meeting the required moment of inertia may be used.
with Fig. 1. The reinforcement thickness shall be equal to the
6.3 Top Head—The top head, regardless of shape, shall be
thickness of the head as calculated above. The thickness of a
able to support a 250-lb (113.4 kg) load ona4by 4-in. (100 by
joint overlay near the knuckle radius tangent line of dished
100 mm) area without damage and with a maximum deflection
head contributes to the knuckle reinforcement.
of ⁄2 % of the tank diameter.
6.2.3 Stiffening Rings—The required moment of inertia, I , 3
s
6.3.1 Theminimumthicknessofthetopheadshallbe ⁄16in.
of a circumferential stiffening ring for cylindrical shells under
(4.8 mm).
external pressure or internal vacuum shall not be less than that
NOTE 11—Support of auxiliary equipment, snow load, or operating
determined by the following:
personnel, may require additional reinforcement or the use of stiffening
I 5 PL D F/24E ribs, or both, sandwich construction, or other stiffening systems.
s s h
D4097−01 (2010)
6.4 Bottom Head: 6.4.4 The tank bottom shall not have variations from a
6.4.1 The minimum thickness for a fully supported flat- nominally flat plane that would prevent uniform contact of the
bottom head shall be as follows: entire bottom surface with a properly prepared support surface
⁄16 in. (4.8 mm) for 2 to 6-ft (0.6 to 1.8-m) diameter, whenthetankisfilledwithliquid.Thebottomlaminatesurface
⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) for over 6 to 12-ft (1.8 to 3.7-m) diameter, and shall be a hand-work finish and shall have no excessive
⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) for over 12-ft (3.7-m) diameter. laminate projections that would prevent uniform contact with a
6.4.2 Bottom heads may be molded integrally with the properly prepared flat support surface when the tank is filled
straight-shell, or may be molded separately with a straight with liquid.
flange length for subsequent joining t
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