ASTM E1688-19
(Guide)Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sediment exposure evaluations are a critical component for both ecological and human health risk assessments. Credible, cost-effective methods are required to determine the rate and extent of bioaccumulation given the potential importance of bioaccumulation by benthic organisms. Standardized test methods to assess the bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants are required to assist in the development of sediment quality guidelines (1, 2, 3)5 and to assess the potential impacts of disposal of dredge materials (4).
5.2 The extent to which sediment-associated contaminants are biologically available and bioaccumulated is important in order to assess their direct effects on sediment-dwelling organisms and assess their transport to higher trophic levels. Controlled studies are required to determine the potential for bioaccumulation that can be interpreted and modeled for predicting the impact of accumulated chemicals. The data collected by these methods should be correlated with the current understanding of toxicity or human health risks to augment the hazard interpretation for contaminated sediments.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for measuring the bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by infaunal invertebrates. Marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments are a major sink for chemicals that sorb preferentially to particles, such as organic compounds with high octanol-water-partitioning coefficients (Kow) (for example, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) and many metals. The accumulation of chemicals into whole or bedded sediments (that is, consolidated rather than suspended sediments) reduces their direct bioavailability to pelagic organisms but increases the exposure of benthic organisms. Feeding of pelagic organisms on benthic prey can reintroduce sediment-associated contaminants into pelagic food webs. The bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by sediment-dwelling organisms can therefore result in ecological impacts on benthic and pelagic communities and human health from the consumption of contaminated shellfish or pelagic fish.
1.2 Methods of measuring bioaccumulation by infaunal organisms from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments containing organic or metal contaminates will be discussed. The procedures are designed to generate quantitative estimates of steady-state tissue residues because data from bioaccumulation tests are often used in ecological or human health risk assessments. Eighty percent of steady-state is used as the general criterion. Because the results from a single or few species are often extrapolated to other species, the procedures are designed to maximize exposure to sediment-associated contaminants so that residues in untested species are not underestimated systematically. A 28-day exposure with sediment-ingesting invertebrates and no supplemental food is recommended as the standard single sampling procedure. Procedures for long-term and kinetic tests are provided for use when 80 % of steady-state will not be obtained within 28 days or when more precise estimates of steady-state tissue residues are required. The procedures are adaptable to shorter exposures and different feeding types. Exposures shorter than 28 days may be used to identify which compounds are bioavailable (that is, bioaccumulation potential) or for testing species that do not live for 28 days in the sediment (for example, certain Chironomus). Non-sediment-ingestors or species requiring supplementary food may be used if the goal is to determine uptake in these particular species because of their importance in ecological or human health risk assessments. However, the results from such species should not be extrapolated to other species.
1.3 Standard test methods are still under development, and much of this guide is based on techniques used in successful studies and expert opinion rather than experimen...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1688 − 19
Standard Guide for
Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-
1
Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* are required. The procedures are adaptable to shorter exposures
and different feeding types. Exposures shorter than 28 days
1.1 This guide covers procedures for measuring the bioac-
may be used to identify which compounds are bioavailable
cumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by infaunal
(that is, bioaccumulation potential) or for testing species that
invertebrates. Marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments are
do not live for 28 days in the sediment (for example, certain
a major sink for chemicals that sorb preferentially to particles,
Chironomus). Non-sediment-ingestors or species requiring
such as organic compounds with high octanol-water-
supplementary food may be used if the goal is to determine
partitioning coefficients (K ) (for example, polychlorinated
ow
uptake in these particular species because of their importance
biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT))
in ecological or human health risk assessments. However, the
and many metals. The accumulation of chemicals into whole or
results from such species should not be extrapolated to other
bedded sediments (that is, consolidated rather than suspended
species.
sediments) reduces their direct bioavailability to pelagic organ-
isms but increases the exposure of benthic organisms. Feeding
1.3 Standard test methods are still under development, and
of pelagic organisms on benthic prey can reintroduce sediment-
much of this guide is based on techniques used in successful
associated contaminants into pelagic food webs. The bioaccu-
studies and expert opinion rather than experimental compari-
mulation of sediment-associated contaminants by sediment-
sons of different techniques. Also, relatively few marine/
dwelling organisms can therefore result in ecological impacts
estuarine (for example, Nereis and Macoma), freshwater (for
on benthic and pelagic communities and human health from the
example, Diporeia and Lumbriculus variegatus) species, and
consumption of contaminated shellfish or pelagic fish.
primarily neutral organic compounds provide a substantial
portion of the basis for the guide. Nonetheless, sufficient
1.2 Methods of measuring bioaccumulation by infaunal
progress has been made in conducting experiments and under-
organisms from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments
standing the factors regulating sediment bioavailability to
containing organic or metal contaminates will be discussed.
establish general guidelines for sediment bioaccumulation
The procedures are designed to generate quantitative estimates
tests.
of steady-state tissue residues because data from bioaccumu-
lation tests are often used in ecological or human health risk
1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:
assessments. Eighty percent of steady-state is used as the
Scope 1
general criterion. Because the results from a single or few
Referenced Documents 2
species are often extrapolated to other species, the procedures
Terminology 3
Summary of Guide 4
are designed to maximize exposure to sediment-associated
Significance and Use 5
contaminants so that residues in untested species are not
Interferences 6
underestimated systematically. A 28-day exposure with Apparatus 7
Safety Precautions 8
sediment-ingesting invertebrates and no supplemental food is
Overlying Water 9
recommended as the standard single sampling procedure.
Sediment 10
Procedures for long-term and kinetic tests are provided for use Test Organisms 11
Experimental Design 12
when 80 % of steady-state will not be obtained within 28 days
Procedure 13
or when more precise estimates of steady-state tissue residues
Analytical Methodology 14
Data Analysis and Interpretation 15
Keywords
Annexes
1
Additional Methods for Predicting Bioaccumulation Annex A1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental
Determining the Number of Replicates Annex A2
Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-
Adequacy of 10-Day and 28-Day Exposures Annex A3
ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
Alternative Test Designs Annex A4
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published April 2020. Originally
Calculati
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1688 − 10 (Reapproved 2016) E1688 − 19
Standard Guide for
Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-
1
Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide covers procedures for measuring the bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by infaunal
invertebrates. Marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments are a major sink for chemicals that sorb preferentially to particles, such
as organic compounds with high octanol-water-partitioning coefficients (K ) (for example, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
ow
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) and many metals. The accumulation of chemicals into whole or bedded sediments (that
is, consolidated rather than suspended sediments) reduces their direct bioavailability to pelagic organisms but increases the
exposure of benthic organisms. Feeding of pelagic organisms on benthic prey can reintroduce sediment-associated contaminants
into pelagic food webs. The bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by sediment-dwelling organisms can therefore
result in ecological impacts on benthic and pelagic communities and human health from the consumption of contaminated shellfish
or pelagic fish.
1.2 Methods of measuring bioaccumulation by infaunal organisms from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments containing
organic or metal contaminates will be discussed. The procedures are designed to generate quantitative estimates of steady-state
tissue residues because data from bioaccumulation tests are often used in ecological or human health risk assessments. Eighty
percent of steady-state is used as the general criterion. Because the results from a single or few species are often extrapolated to
other species, the procedures are designed to maximize exposure to sediment-associated contaminants so that residues in untested
species are not underestimated systematically. A 28-day exposure with sediment-ingesting invertebrates and no supplemental food
is recommended as the standard single sampling procedure. Procedures for long-term and kinetic tests are provided for use when
80 % of steady-state will not be obtained within 28 days or when more precise estimates of steady-state tissue residues are required.
The procedures are adaptable to shorter exposures and different feeding types. Exposures shorter than 28 days may be used to
identify which compounds are bioavailable (that is, bioaccumulation potential) or for testing species that do not live for 28 days
in the sediment (for example, certain Chironomus). Non-sediment-ingestors or species requiring supplementary food may be used
if the goal is to determine uptake in these particular species because of their importance in ecological or human health risk
assessments. However, the results from such species should not be extrapolated to other species.
1.3 Standard test methods are still under development, and much of this guide is based on techniques used in successful studies
and expert opinion rather than experimental comparisons of different techniques. Also, relatively few marine/estuarine (for
example, Nereis and Macoma), freshwater (for example, Diporeia and Lumbriculus variegatus) species, and primarily neutral
organic compounds provide a substantial portion of the basis for the guide. Nonetheless, sufficient progress has been made in
conducting experiments and understanding the factors regulating sediment bioavailability to establish general guidelines for
sediment bioaccumulation tests.
1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:
Scope 1
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
Summary of Guide 4
Significance and Use 5
Interferences 6
Apparatus 7
Safety Precautions 8
Overlying Water 9
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2019. Published May 2016April 2020. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20002016 as
E1688 – 10.E1688 – 10(2016). DOI: 10.1520/E1688-10R16.10.1520/E1688-19.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of t
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