ASTM E832-81(2008)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers
Standard Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers
ABSTRACT
This specification provides complete evaluation procedures for two types of laboratory filter papers used in chemical analysis. The filter papers covered in this specification are grouped into two types according to which type of analysis each is used for, and seven classes according to flow rate and the type of precipitate it filters. The products should be made of materials and manufactured by methods which will ensure that each product would conform to the required values of ash content, wet bursting strength, maximum water flow rate, and precipitate retention.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers two types of filter paper for use in chemical analysis and provides procedures for the complete evaluation of the filter papers.
General Information
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Designation:E832 −81(Reapproved2008)
Standard Specification for
Laboratory Filter Papers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E832; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.2.1 Class E, for coarse and gelatinous precipitates, fast
flow rate.
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverstwotypesoffilterpaperforuse
3.1.2.2 Class F, for medium-size precipitates, medium flow
in chemical analysis and provides procedures for the complete
rate.
evaluation of the filter papers.
3.1.2.3 Class G, for fine precipitates, slow flow rate.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4. Manufacture
D774/D774M Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper
4.1 The papers shall be made from such materials and by
(Withdrawn 2010)
suchmethodsastoensurecompliancewiththerequirementsof
2.2 TAPPI Standards:
Section 10, and shall be clean and free of imperfections that
T 413 Ash in Paper
would affect their performance.
T 429 Alpha-Cellulose in Paper
T 509 HydrogenIonConcentration(pH)ofPaperExtracts— 4.2 The papers shall be converted into circles, sheets, or any
required sizes.
Cold Extraction Method
3. Types and Classes
5. General Requirements
3.1 The types and classes of filter paper are as follows:
5.1 All classes of filter paper shall comply with the require-
3.1.1 Type I—To be used for qualitative analysis (low ash
ments given in Table 1 and Table 2 and Section 11.
content):
3.1.1.1 Class AA, for very coarse and gelatinous 5.2 The ash content of the Type II circles shall not exceed
0.01 %.
precipitates, very fast flow rate.
3.1.1.2 Class A, for coarse and gelatinous precipitates, fast
5.3 Class D filter papers shall have a surface hard enough to
flow rate.
permit scraping collected precipitates off the sheet.
3.1.1.3 Class B, for medium-size precipitates, medium flow
rate.
6. Sampling
3.1.1.4 Class C, for fine precipitates, slow flow rate.
3.1.1.5 Class D, hardened to facilitate scraping, for fine 6.1 If testing is required, the sample of each class shall be
precipitates, slow flow rate. representative of the shipment, and specimens shall be taken at
3.1.2 Type II—to be used for quantitative analysis (ashless random from at least 3 % of the total packages.
papers):
7. Retests
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commmittee E41 on
7.1 If the results of the tests indicate noncompliance with
Laboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 on
the requirements of Table 1 and Table 2, or other factors
Apparatus.
described within this specification, take another representative
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally
approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E832 – 81 (2003).
sample of the shipment, selecting the specimens from different
DOI: 10.1520/E0832-81R08.
packages than those from which the first sample was taken.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
7.2 Then test the second sample for compliance with this
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
specification.
the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
7.3 If the results of the retests indicate noncompliance with
www.astm.org.
this specification, immediately consult the manufacturer for
Available from TechnicalAssociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),
15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org. assistance in rectifying the problem.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
E832−81(2008)
TABLE 1 General Requirements
6, and cut in the shape of whole circles of the same diameter or
Property Requirement small strips measured for area.
alphacellulose content, min,% 95
10.1.2 Procedure:
pH value 5.0 to 8.0
10.1.2.1 Heat the crucibles with their respective covers to
approximately 925°C. Cool in a desiccator and weigh to the
nearest 0.1 mg. Add the specimen into crucible.
TABLE 2 Wet Bursting Strength
10.1.2.2 Heatthecoveredcrucibleplustestspecimengradu-
Water Flow Rate and Retention of Precipitates
Maximum ally until smoking ceases, remove cover, then continue heating
Wet Bursting Retention of Pre-
Class
Water Flow
until the maximum temperature of 925°C is reached and
Stength min, cipitates—Filtrate
Rate,
aug points Clear from: maintain for 2 h. Replace the cover and cool the covered
aug, s
crucible in a desiccator until temperature equilibrium with the
AA 3.0 10 ferric hydroxide
surrounding air is reached. Weigh the crucible and contents to
A 3.0 20 ferric hydroxide
B 3.5 40 lead sulfate
the nearest 0.1 mg. Ignition is considered to be complete when
C 4.0 150 barium sulfate
the weight of the covered crucible and ash does not change by
D 45.0 300 barium sulfate
E 3.0 20 ferric hydroxide more than 0.2 mg after reheating at 925°C for 30 min.
F 3.5 40 lead sulfate
10.1.2.3 Blank—Carry a tare crucible with cover through all
G 4.0 150 barium sulfate
operations in exactly the same manner as the crucibles con-
taining specimens, as a check on possible loss of mass of the
crucibles themselves.
10.1.2.4 Test at least two specimens per sample.
8. Packaging and Marking
10.1.3 Calculation and Report—Calculate and report the
8.1 Flat circles of filter paper shall be packaged in units of
ash,correctedfortheresultsoftheblanktest,totwosignificant
100 circles of the same diameter. Prefolded or fluted circles
figures. Determine the weight percentage of the paper dried at
shall be packaged according to trade custom.
105°C.
8.2 Each unit or package shall be marked with the manu-
10.1.4 Precision—Duplicate determinations shall agree as
facturer’s name, size of circles, or catalog and lot number.
follows:
Rounded to Reproducibility,%
9. Test Methods
Ash,% Nearest
0.025 0.001 0.003
9.1 The most important tests to be performed are:
0.025 to 0.01 0.005 0.01
9.1.1 pH Value—Determine in accordance with TAPPI
0.1 0.01 0.02
Method T 509.
10.2 Retention of Precipitates:
9.1.2 Alpha-Cellulose—Determine in accordance with
10.2.1 Apparatus:
TAPPI Method T 429. This test may or may not be used for lot
10.2.1.1 Glass Funnels, 60°, having stems about 6 in. long.
to lot determination.
9.1.3 Ash Content—Determine in accordance with Section 10.2.2 Reagents:
10.1 or TAPPI Method T 413, applicable for Type II papers.
10.2.2.1 Alcohol (95 %)—Ethanol or formula No. 30.
9.1.4 Retention of precipitates, simple method to determine
10.2.2.2 Ammonium Hydroxide—Add one part, by volume,
retention ability of filter paper as determined in accordance
of cp ammonium hydroxide (NH OH) to one part by volume
with 10.2.
of distilled water.
9.1.5 Water Flow Rate—Determine the flow rates of filter
10.2.2.3 Barium Chloride Solution (50 g/L)—Dissolve 58.5
paper in accordance with 10.3 or the Herzberg method (mea-
g of cp barium chloride (BaCl ·2H O) in distilled water and
2 2
surement of time for the filtration of 100 mL of prefiltered
dilute to 1 L.
distilled water with a filter surface of 10 cm at a constant
10.2.2.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E832–81(Reapproved 2003) Designation: E 832 – 81 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Specification for
Laboratory Filter Papers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 832; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers two types of filter paper for use in chemical analysis and provides procedures for the complete
evaluation of the filter papers.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 774/D 774M Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper
2.2 TAPPI Standards:
T413 Ash in Paper
T429 Alpha-Cellulose in Paper
T509 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) of Paper Extracts—Cold Extraction Method
3. Types and Classes
3.1 The types and classes of filter paper are as follows:
3.1.1 Type I—To be used for qualitative analysis (low ash content):
3.1.1.1 Class AA, for very coarse and gelatinous precipitates, very fast flow rate.
3.1.1.2 Class A, for coarse and gelatinous precipitates, fast flow rate.
3.1.1.3 Class B, for medium-size precipitates, medium flow rate.
3.1.1.4 Class C, for fine precipitates, slow flow rate.
3.1.1.5 Class D, hardened to facilitate scraping, for fine precipitates, slow flow rate.
3.1.2 Type II—to be used for quantitative analysis (ashless papers):
3.1.2.1 Class E, for coarse and gelatinous precipitates, fast flow rate.
3.1.2.2 Class F, for medium-size precipitates, medium flow rate.
3.1.2.3 Class G, for fine precipitates, slow flow rate.
4. Manufacture
4.1 The papers shall be made from such materials and by such methods as to ensure compliance with the requirements of
Section 10, and shall be clean and free of imperfections that would affect their performance.
4.2 The papers shall be converted into circles, sheets, or any required sizes.
5. General Requirements General Requirements
5.1 All classes of filter paper shall comply with the requirements given in Table 1 and Table 2 and Section 11.
5.2 The ash content of the Type II circles shall not exceed 0.01 %.
5.3 Class D filter papers shall have a surface hard enough to permit scraping collected precipitates off the sheet.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commmittee E41 on Laboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 on Apparatus.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published October 2003. Originally published as D1100–50 T. Last previous edition D1100–52 (1971). Redesignated as E832 in
June 1981.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 1100 – 81 (2003).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Technology Park/Atlanta, P.O. Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.
Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
E 832 – 81 (2008)
TABLE 1 General Requirements
Property Requirement
alphacellulose content, min,% 95
pH value 5.0 to 8.0
TABLE 2 Wet Bursting Strength
Water Flow Rate and Retention of Precipitates
Maximum
Wet Bursting Retention of Pre-
Class
Water Flow
Stength min, cipitates—Filtrate
Rate,
aug points Clear from:
aug, s
AA 3.0 10 ferric hydroxide
A 3.0 20 ferric hydroxide
B 3.5 40 lead sulfate
C 4.0 150 barium sulfate
D 45.0 300 barium sulfate
E 3.0 20 ferric hydroxide
F 3.5 40 lead sulfate
G 4.0 150 barium sulfate
6. Sampling
6.1 If testing is required, the sample of each class shall be representative of the shipment, and specimens shall be taken at
random from at least 3 % of the total packages.
7. Retests
7.1 If the results of the tests indicate noncompliance with the requirements of Table 1 and Table 2, or other factors described
within this specification, take another representative sample of the shipment, selecting the specimens from different packages than
those from which the first sample was taken.
7.2 Then test the second sample for compliance with this specification.
7.3 If the results of the retests indicate noncompliance with this specification, immediately consult the manufacturer for
assistance in rectifying the problem.
8. Packaging and Marking
8.1 Flat circles of filter paper shall be packaged in units of 100 circles of the same diameter. Prefolded or fluted circles shall
be packaged according to trade custom.
8.2 Each unit or package shall be marked with the manufacturer’s name, size of circles, or catalog and lot number.
9. Test Methods
9.1 The most important tests to be performed are:
9.1.1 pH Value—Determine in accordance with TAPPI Method T 509.
9.1.2 Alpha-Cellulose—Determine in accordance with TAPPI Method T 429. This test may or may not be used for lot to lot
determination.
9.1.3 Ash Content—Determine in accordance with Section 10.1 or TAPPI Method T 413, applicable for Type II papers.
9.1.4 Retention of precipitates, simple method to determine retention ability of filter paper as determined in accordance with
10.2.
9.1.5 WaterFlowRate—Determine the flow rates of filter paper in accordance with 10.3 or the Herzberg method (measurement
oftimeforthefiltrationof100mLofprefiltereddistilledwaterwithafiltersurfaceof10cm ataconstantpressureof50mmwater
column).
9.1.6 Wet Bursting Strength—Determine in accordance with 10.4.
10. Test Methods
10.1 Ash Content:
10.1.1 Apparatus:
10.1.1.1 Crucibles, 20-mL platinum, with tightly fitting covers. One for each sample.
10.1.1.2 Heat Source—An electric muffle furnace with an operating temperature of approximately 925°C is recommended, but
a gas burner yielding a similar temperature is sufficient.
10.1.1.3 Test specimens, having a mass of at least 6 g, representative of the sample obtained as prescribed in Section 6, and cut
in the shape of whole circles of the same diameter or small strips measured for area.
10.1.2 Procedure:
E 832 – 81 (2008)
10.1.2.1 Heat the crucibles with their respective covers to approximately 925°C. Cool in a desiccator and weigh to the nearest
0.1 mg. Add the specimen into crucible.
10.1.2.2 Heat the covered crucible plus test specimen gradually until smoking ceases, remove cover, then continue heating until
themaximumtemperatureof925°Cisreachedandmaintainfor2h.Replacethecoverandcoolthecoveredcrucibleinadesiccator
until temperature equilibrium with the surrounding air is reached. Weigh the crucible and contents to the nearest 0.1 mg. Ignition
is considered to be complete when the weight of the covered crucible and ash does not change by more than 0.2 mg after reheating
at 925°C for 30 min.
10.1.2.3 Blank—Carry a tare crucible with cover through all operations in exactly the same manner as the crucibles containing
specimens, a
...
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