ASTM D3361-01(2006)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Unfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Standard Practice for Unfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for accelerated exposure testing of coatings and related products in unfiltered open-flame carbon-arc devices conducted according to Practice G 151. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the evaluation of test results.Note 1
Previous versions of this practice referenced carbon-arc devices described by Practice G 23, which described very specific equipment designs. Practice G 23 has been withdrawn and replaced by Practice G 151, which describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory light sources.
1.2 This practice covers unfiltered open-flame carbon-arc exposures of paints and related coatings, and covers the exposure cycle that has been commonly referred to as the "dew cycle." Practice D 822 describes filtered open-flame carbon-arc devices, and Practice D 5031 describes enclosed carbon-arc exposures. The radiation from an unfiltered open-flame carbon arc produces shorter wavelengths and higher levels of short wavelength radiation than either filtered open-flame or enclosed carbon arcs.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D3361 −01(Reapproved2006)
Standard Practice for
Unfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and
Related Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for
Related Coating Products
acceleratedexposuretestingofcoatingsandrelatedproductsin
D610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted
unfiltered open-flame carbon-arc devices conducted according
Steel Surfaces
to Practice G151. This practice also covers the preparation of
D659 Method for Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior
test specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the
Paints (Withdrawn 1990)
evaluation of test results.
D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
NOTE 1—Previous versions of this practice referenced carbon-arc
Exterior Paints
devices described by Practice G23, which described very specific equip-
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
ment designs. Practice G23 has been withdrawn and replaced by Practice
Exterior Paints
G151, which describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that
D714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
use laboratory light sources.
Paints
1.2 This practice covers unfiltered open-flame carbon-arc
D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
exposures of paints and related coatings, and covers the
ing) of Exterior Paints
exposure cycle that has been commonly referred to as the “dew
D822 Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Expo-
cycle.” Practice D822 describes filtered open-flame carbon-arc
sures of Paint and Related Coatings
devices, and Practice D5031 describes enclosed carbon-arc
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
exposures. The radiation from an unfiltered open-flame carbon
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
arc produces shorter wavelengths and higher levels of short
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
wavelength radiation than either filtered open-flame or en-
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
closed carbon arcs.
D1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
a Ferrous Base (Withdrawn 2006)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D1400 TestMethodforNondestructiveMeasurementofDry
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3
Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
2. Referenced Documents
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and
D358 Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels in
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
Weathering Tests of Coatings
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
Coordinates
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
ence With a Gray Scale
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
Subcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing.
Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally
approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D3361 – 01. DOI: D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking
10.1520/D3361-01R06.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3361−01(2006)
of Exterior Paint Films 4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all
D5031 Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of laboratories use the same type of carbon-arc and exposure
Paint and Related Coatings conditions.
D5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index of
4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has
Plastics
been shown to be good when the stability of materials is
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other
Determine the Precision of a Test Method 4,5
materials or to a control. Therefore, exposure of a similar
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
material of known performance (a control) at the same time as
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended
G23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus
that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to
(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
allow for statistical evaluation of results.
of Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000)
4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural andArtificial Weath-
operate the equipment. Significant factors include regulation of
ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
line voltage, freedom from salt or other deposits from water,
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing
temperature and humidity control, and conditions of the
of Nonmetallic Materials
electrodes.
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-
lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests
4.5 All references to exposures in accordance with this
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials inAccel- practice must include a complete description of the test cycle
erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
used.
G169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to
5. Apparatus
Weathering Tests
5.1 Use filtered open-flame carbon-arc apparatus with auto-
3. Terminology
matic humidity control that conforms to the requirements
3.1 The definitions given in Terminology G113 are appli-
defined in Practice G151.
cable to this practice.
5.2 Do not place any filters between the open flame carbon
arc and the test specimens.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration of
6. Hazards
its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light,
6.1 Warning—In addition to other precautions, never look
heat, and water can be very significant for many applications.
directly at the carbon arc because UVradiation can damage the
This practice is intended to induce property changes associated
eye. Most carbon-arc machines are equipped with door safety
with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight,
switches, but users of old equipment must be certain to turn off
moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not
the power to the carbon arc before opening the test-chamber
intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized
door.
weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological
6.2 This light source generates ozone and nitrous oxides.
attack, and saltwater exposure.
Vent exhaust from the exposure device to the atmosphere.
4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when
6.3 The burning carbon rods used in these devices become
different operating conditions are used.Therefore, no reference
very hot during use. Make sure to allow at least 15 min for the
to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by
arcs to cool after the device is turned off before attempting to
a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the
specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for change the carbon rods.
detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results
6.4 Carbon residue and ash are known respiratory irritants.
obtained according to this practice.
Wearanappropriatehigh-efficiencydustrespirator,gloves,and
safety glasses when handling or changing carbon rods. Make
NOTE 2—Additional information on sources of variability and on
strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data
sure to wash any carbon residue from hands or arms prior to
analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.
eating or drinking.
4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an
7. Test Specimens
unfiltered open-flame carbon arc is significantly different from
that produced in light and water exposure devices using other
7.1 Apply the coating to flat (plane) panels with the
carbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The type and
substrate, method of preparation, method of application, coat-
rate of degradation and the performance rankings produced by
ing system, film thickness, and method of drying consistent
exposures to unfiltered open-flame carbon-arcs can be much
different from that produced by exposures to other types of
Fischer, R., “Results of Round Robin Studies of Light- and Water-Exposure
laboratory light sources. Typically, exposures conducted ac-
Standard Practices,” Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of Organic
cording to this practice will produce degradation faster than
Materials, ASTM STP 1202, ASTM, 1993.
similar exposures conducted according to Practice D822 or
Ketola, W., and Fischer, R., “Characterization and Use of Reference Materials
D5031 and may cause different types of degradation. inAcceleratedDurabilityTests,”VAMASTechnicalReportNo.30,NIST,June1997.
D3361−01(2006)
with the anticipated end use, or as mutually agreed upon 8. Procedure
between the producer and user.
8.1 Unless otherwise specified, use the following exposure
cycle:
7.2 Panel specifications and methods of preparation include
8.1.1 Sixty min light only with black panel temperature
but are not limited to Practices D609 or D1730, or Specifica-
controlled at 63 6 5°C (145 6 9°F) and relative humidity
tion D358. Select panel sizes suitable for use with the exposure
controlled at 50 65%.
apparatus.
NOTE 4—The black panel temperature is for equilibrium conditions.
7.3 Coat test panels in accordance withTest Methods D823,
There will be a period immediately after the dark cycle where the black
then measure the film thickness in accordance with an appro-
panel temperature will be less than the control limits given.
priateprocedureselectedfromTestMethodsD1005,D1186,or
8.1.2 Sixty min dark with water spray on the back of test
D1400. Nondestructive methods are preferred because panels
specimens. During this dark cycle the chamber air temperature
so measured need not be repaired.
shall be controlled at 32 6 3°C (90 6 5°F) and the relative
7.4 Prior to exposing coated panels in the apparatus, condi-
humidity shall be controlled at 95 65%.
tion them at 23 6 2°C (73 6 3°F) and 50 6 5 % relative
8.1.3 Adjust the water spray so that the only water on the
humidity for one of the following periods in accordance with
face of the test specimens is from the dew formation caused by
the type of coating:
the chilled water sprayed on the back of the specimens. The
temperature of the water sprayed on the back of the specimens
Baked coatings 24 h
Radiation-cured coatings 24 h
shall be controlled at 7.2 6 2°C (45 6 4°F).
All other coatings 7 days min
NOTE5—Eachsetpointanditstolerancesgiveninthissectionrepresent
7.4.1 Other procedures for preparation of test specimens
an operational control point for equilibrium conditions at a single location
may be used if agreed upon by all interested parties.
inthecabinet,whichmaynotnecessarilyrepresenttheuniformityofthose
conditions throughout the cabinet. ASTM Committee G03 is working to
7.5 Mount specimens in holders so that only the minimum
refine these tolerances and address the uniformity issue.
specimen area required for support by the holder is covered.
8.2 Practice D822 lists other exposure cycles that may be
Do not use this covered area of the specimen as part of the test
used.
area.
8.3 Place test specimens in the device according to the
7.6 Unless otherwise specified, expose at least three repli-
manufacturer’s recommendations. It is recommended that all
cate specimens of each test and control material.
unused spaces in the specimen exposure area be filled with
blank metal panels.
7.7 Follow the procedures described in Practice G147 for
identification and conditioning and handling of specimens of
8.4 If the irradiance uniformity within the exposure area
test, control, and reference materials prior to, during, and after
does not meet the requirements of Practice G151 for exposure
exposure.
without repositioning, use one of the procedures described in
Practice G151 to ensure that specimens receive as uniform a
7.8 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose of
radiant exposure as possible.
showing on one panel the effects of various exposure times.
8.4.1 Ifspecimenrepositioningisused,andnorepositioning
Misleading results may be obtained by this method, since the
scheduleisspecified,usethefollowingprocedureforspecimen
masked portion of the specimen is still exposed to temperature
repositioning:
and humidity cycles that in many cases will affect results.
8.4.1.1 Once per week, move all holders in the top half of
7.9 Retain a supply of unexposed file specimens of all
the specimen exposure area to the bottom half and move all
materials evaluated.
holders in the bottom half of the exposure area to the top half.
Do not reposition the specimens within the holder.
7.9.1 When destructive tests are run, it is recommended that
a sufficient number of file specimens be retained so that the
NOTE 6—Incident energy at the top and bottom of the specimen rack is
property of interest can be determined on unexposed file
often only 70 % of that at the center. This condition requires that the
specimens each time exposed materials are evaluated. procedures described in 8.4 be followed to ensure uniformity of radiant
exposure.
NOTE 3—Since the stability of the file specimen may also be time-
8.5 Water Purity:
dependent, users are
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