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ASTM E1932-12

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts

Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.
The applied load (on the examination object) may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional), internal pressure and thermal gradients. It may be short to long, random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the examiner or may already exist as part of the process. In either case the applied load is measured along with the AE activity.
Possible applications include the determination of part integrity, quality control assessment of production processes on a sampled or 100 % inspection basis, in-process examination during a period of applied load of a fabrication process (for example, spot welding, bonding, soldering, pressing, etc.), proof-testing after fabrication, monitoring a “region of interest” (or concern) of a structure (for example, bridge joint or repair, vessel, pipe), and re–examination after intervals of service.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.
1.2 The guide assumes a typical AE examination as one where there is a controlled or measured stress acting upon the part being monitored by AE. Particular emphasis is placed on sensor and system selection, sensor placements, stressing considerations, noise reduction/rejection techniques, spatial filtering, location determination, use of guard sensors, collection of AE data, AE data analysis and report. The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an object under evaluation is withstanding the applied load.
1.3 Possible applications of this guide includes materials characterization, quality control of production processes, proof testing after fabrication, evaluating regions of interest of larger structures and retesting after intervals of service. The applied load may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional) internal pressure and thermal gradients.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jun-2012
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1932-07 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
Effective Date
15-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
15-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
15-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM C1624-22 - Standard Test Method for Adhesion Strength and Mechanical Failure Modes of Ceramic Coatings by Quantitative Single Point Scratch Testing
Effective Date
15-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM E3100-22 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Concrete Structures
Effective Date
15-Jun-2012

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1932 − 12
Standard Guide for
1
Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1932; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
mentation
1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic
E976 GuideforDeterminingtheReproducibilityofAcoustic
emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to
Emission Sensor Response
examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects)
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance
examination region. This eliminates the consideration of com-
Verification
plex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and
array placements based on overcoming signal losses over
3. Terminology
distances.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 The guide assumes a typical AE examination as one
3.1.1 Terminology related to acoustic emission is defined in
where there is a controlled or measured stress acting upon the
Terminology E1316.
part being monitored by AE. Particular emphasis is placed on
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
sensor and system selection, sensor placements, stressing
3.2.1 applied load—a controlled or known force or stress
considerations, noise reduction/rejection techniques, spatial
whichisappliedtoanobjectunderexaminationforthepurpose
filtering, location determination, use of guard sensors, collec-
ofanalyzingtheobject’sreaction(bymeansofAEmonitoring)
tion of AE data, AE data analysis and report. The purpose of
to that stress.
the AE examination is to analyze how an object under
evaluation is withstanding the applied load.
3.2.2 guard sensors—sensors whose primary function is the
elimination of extraneous noise based on arrival sequences.
1.3 Possible applications of this guide includes materials
characterization, quality control of production processes, proof
3.2.3 spatial discrimination—the process of using one or
testing after fabrication, evaluating regions of interest of larger more (guard and data) sensors to eliminate extraneous noise
structures and retesting after intervals of service. The applied
based on arrival sequences.
load may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or
3.2.4 spatial filtering—ability of an AE system or analysis
torsional) internal pressure and thermal gradients.
to disregard AE activity based on source location of the AE
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
event.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 ThepurposeoftheAEexaminationistoanalyzehowan
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is
suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission
2. Referenced Documents
activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 The applied load (on the examination object) may
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional),
Sensors
internalpressureandthermalgradients.Itmaybeshorttolong,
random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
examiner or may already exist as part of the process. In either
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic
Emission Method.
case the applied load is measured along with the AE activity.
Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published September 2012. Originally
4.3 Possible applications include the determination of part
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1932 - 07. DOI:
10.1520/E1932-12.
integrity,qualitycontrolassessmentofproductionprocesseson
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
a sampled or 100 % inspection basis, in-process examination
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
during a period of applied load of a fabrication process (for
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. example, spot welding, bonding, soldering, pressing, etc.),
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1932–07 Designation: E1932 – 12
Standard Guide for
1
Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1932; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to
examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination
region.Thiseliminatestheconsiderationofcomplexattenuationfactorcorrectionsandmultiplesensorandarrayplacementsbased
on overcoming signal losses over distances.
1.2 TheguideassumesatypicalAEexaminationasonewherethereisacontrolledormeasuredstressactinguponthepartbeing
monitored byAE. Particular emphasis is placed on sensor and system selection, sensor placements, stressing considerations, noise
reduction/rejection techniques, spatial filtering, location determination, use of guard sensors, collection of AE data, AE data
analysis and report. The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an object under evaluation is withstanding the applied
load.
1.3 Possible applications of this guide includes materials characterization, quality control of production processes, proof testing
after fabrication, evaluating regions of interest of larger structures and retesting after intervals of service. The applied load may
include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional) internal pressure and thermal gradients.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission
Method.
´1
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1932-97(2002) . DOI:
10.1520/E1932-07.
Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published September 2012. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1932 - 07. DOI:
10.1520/E1932-12.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1932 – 12
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Terminology related to acoustic emission is defined in Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 applied load—a controlled or known force or stress which is applied to an object under examination for the purpose of
analyzing the object’s reaction (by means of AE monitoring) to that stress.
3.2.2 guard sensors—sensors whose primary function is the elimination of extraneous noise based on arrival sequences.
3.2.3 spatial discrimination—the process of using one or more (guard and data) sensors to eliminate extraneous noise based on
arrival sequences.
3.2.4 spatial filtering—ability of an AE system or analysis to disregard AE activity based on source location of the AE event.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is
suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.
4.2 The applied load (on the examination object) may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional), internal
pressure and thermal gradients. It may be short to long, random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the examiner
or may already exist as part of the process. In either case the applied load is measured along with the AE ac
...

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ASTM E3397-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Resonance Testing Using the Impulse Excitation Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 IEM Applications and Capabilities—IEM has been successfully applied to a wide range of NDT applications in the manufacture, maintenance, and repair of metallic and non-metallic parts. Examples of anomalies detected are discussed in 1.1 and 6.2. IEM has been proven to provide fast, cost-effective, and accurate NDT solutions in nearly all manufacturing, maintenance, or repair modalities. Examples of the successful application focuses include, but are not limited to: sintered powder metals, castings, forgings, stampings, ceramics, glass, wood, weldments, heat treatment, composites, additive manufacturing, machined products, and brazed products.  
4.2 General Approach and Equipment Requirements for IEM:  
4.2.1 IEM systems are comprised of hardware and software capable of inducing vibrations, recording the component response to the induced vibrations, and executing analysis of the data collected.  
4.2.2 Hardware Requirements—Examples of a tabletop impact excitation system and a production-grade drop excitation system are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively. IEM systems include: an excitation device (for example, modal hammer / impact device / dropping system) providing an impulse excitation to the object, a vibration detector (for example., microphone), a signal amplifier, an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), an embedded logic, and a data User Interface (UI). Tested parts can typically be on any surface type, but they can also be supported (for example, foam support, held with an elastic) in consideration of possible damping influences. The following schematics show the basic parts for an impact excitation approach (Fig. 3) and a drop excitation approach (Fig. 4).
FIG. 1 IEM Tabletop Testing System Using a Non-Instrumented Impactor
FIG. 2 Production-Grade Drop Excitation System
FIG. 3 Schematic of Impact Excitation Approach
FIG. 4 Schematic of Drop Excitation Approach  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for using the Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) to facilitate natural frequency measurement and detection of defects and material variations in metallic and non-metallic parts. This test method is also known as Impulse Excitation Technique (IET), Acoustic Resonance Testing (ART), ping testing, tap testing, and other names. IEM is listed as a Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) method. The method applies an impulse load to excite and then record resonance frequencies of a part. These recorded resonance frequencies are compared to a reference population or within subgroups/families of examples of the same part, or modeled frequencies, or both.  
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ASTM E1932-12(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.  
4.2 The applied load (on the examination object) may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional), internal pressure and thermal gradients. It may be short to long, random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the examiner or may already exist as part of the process. In either case the applied load is measured along with the AE activity.  
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1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines simple economical procedures for testing or comparing the performance of acoustic emission sensors. These procedures allow the user to check for degradation of a sensor or to select sets of sensors with nearly identical performances. The procedures are not capable of providing an absolute calibration of the sensor nor do they assure transferability of data sets between organizations.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Acoustic Emission data acquisition can be affected by numerous factors associated with the electronic instrumentation, cables, sensors, sensor holders, couplant, the examination article on which the sensor is mounted, background noise, and the user's settings of the acquisition parameters (for example, threshold).  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
Note 1: The stated accuracy applies only if the transfer standard returns to quiescence, following the transient input, before any wave reflected from the boundary of the calibration block returns to the transfer standard (∼100 μs). For low frequencies with periods on the order of the time window, this condition is problematical to prove.  
4.2 Applications Sensors—This test method may also be used for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. Some of these sensors are less well behaved than devices suitable for a transfer standard. The stated accuracy for such devices applies in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz and with less accuracy below 100 kHz.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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Standard Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.  
5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.9 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “probes”) that are used with ultrasonic testing instrumentation. This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units.  
1.2 The procedures are designed to measure search units as individual components (separate from the ultrasonic test instrument) using commercial search unit characterization systems or using laboratory instruments such as signal generators, pulsers, amplifiers, digitizers, oscilloscopes, and waveform analyzers.  
1.3 The procedures are applicable to manufacturing acceptance and incoming inspection of new search units or to periodic performance evaluation of search units throughout their service life.  
1.4 The procedures in Annex A1 – Annex A6 are generally applicable to ultrasonic search units operating within the 0.4 to 10 MHz range. Annex A7 is applicable to higher frequency immersion search unit evaluation. Annex A8 describes a practice for measuring sound beam profiles in metals from contact straight-beam search units. Additional Annexes, such as sound beam profiling for angle-beam search units in metal and alternate means for search unit characterization, will be added when developed.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.  
4.3 This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E650/E650M-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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