ASTM E1934-99a(2014)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared Thermography
Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared Thermography
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide can be used by an end user to specify infrared examinations of electrical and mechanical equipment and an infrared thermographer to perform them.
4.2 This guide lists the joint responsibilities of the end user and the infrared thermographer when using infrared thermography.
4.3 The purpose of an infrared examination is to identify and document exceptions in the end user's electrical or mechanical systems, or both.
4.3.1 In electrical equipment, warm exceptions are usually created by an increase in resistance caused by loose or deteriorated connections, short circuits, overloads, load imbalances or faulty, mismatched or improperly installed components. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed components.
4.3.2 In mechanical equipment, warm exceptions are usually created by friction caused by improper lubrication, misalignment, worn components or mechanical loading anomalies. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed components.
4.3.3 Exceptions in insulation systems are usually caused by missing or deteriorated materials, improper installation or insufficient amounts of material.
4.4 Providing opinions about the causes of exceptions, the integrity of the equipment or recommendations for corrective actions require knowledge and skills beyond those of infrared thermography.
4.5 Infrared examinations provide data about equipment at the time of examination only.
4.6 Infrared examinations are not remedial.
4.7 An infrared examination of electrical and mechanical equipment does not assure its proper operation. Other tests and proper maintenance are necessary to ensure their reliable performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide lists the responsibilities of the end user and the infrared thermographer when examining electrical and mechanical systems.
1.2 This guide outlines the specific content required to document qualitative and quantitative infrared examinations of electrical and mechanical equipment.2
1.3 This guide may involve use of equipment and materials in the presence of heated, moving or all of these or electrically energized equipment.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E1934 − 99a (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Guide for
Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with
Infrared Thermography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1934; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.4 inventory list—a list of the equipment by the infrared
thermographer.
1.1 This guide lists the responsibilities of the end user and
the infrared thermographer when examining electrical and
3.1.5 qualified assistant—a person provided and authorized
mechanical systems.
by the end user to perform the tasks required by the infrared
thermographer.He/sheshallbeknowledgeableoftheoperation
1.2 This guide outlines the specific content required to
and history of the equipment to be examined and of all safety
document qualitative and quantitative infrared examinations of
practices and rules of the end user.
electrical and mechanical equipment.
3.1.6 qualitative infrared inspection—an infrared examina-
1.3 This guide may involve use of equipment and materials
tion that provides images of exceptions but not temperature
in the presence of heated, moving or all of these or electrically
data.
energized equipment.
3.1.7 quantitative infrared inspection—aninfraredexamina-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the tion that provides both images of exceptions and temperature
data.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 See also Terminology E1316.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.1 Thisguidecanbeusedbyanendusertospecifyinfrared
examinations of electrical and mechanical equipment and an
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
infrared thermographer to perform them.
3. Terminology
4.2 This guide lists the joint responsibilities of the end user
3.1 Definitions:
and the infrared thermographer when using infrared thermog-
3.1.1 end user—the person responsible for using the infor-
raphy.
mation provided by an infrared examination.
4.3 The purpose of an infrared examination is to identify
3.1.2 exception—an abnormally warm or cool connector,
and document exceptions in the end user’s electrical or
conductor or component.
mechanical systems, or both.
3.1.3 infrared examination—the use of an infrared imaging
4.3.1 In electrical equipment, warm exceptions are usually
systemtoprovidethermaldataaboutastructure,system,object
created by an increase in resistance caused by loose or
or process.
deteriorated connections, short circuits, overloads, load imbal-
ances or faulty, mismatched or improperly installed compo-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
nents. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed compo-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Specialized
nents.
NDT Methods.
4.3.2 In mechanical equipment, warm exceptions are usu-
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2014.PublishedJuly2014.Originallyapproved
in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1934 - 99a (2010). DOI:
ally created by friction caused by improper lubrication,
10.1520/E1934-99AR14.
misalignment, worn components or mechanical loading
This guide is adapted from the Guideline for Infrared Inspection and Mechani-
anomalies. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed
cal Systems developed by Infraspection Institute, 425 Ellis Street, Burlington, NJ
08016. components.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.3.3 Exceptionsininsulationsystemsareusuallycausedby
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
missing or deteriorated materials, improper installation or
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. insufficient amounts of material.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1934 − 99a (2014)
4.4 Providing opinions about the causes of exceptions, the 6.4.1 Obtaining authorization necessary to gain access to
integrity of the equipment or recommendations for corrective the equipment to be examined and notifying operations per-
actions require knowledge and skills beyond those of infrared sonnel of the examination activities,
thermography. 6.4.2 Opening or removing, or both, all necessary cabinet
and enclosure covers immediately before examination to pro-
4.5 Infrared examinations provide data about equipment at
vide the infrared thermographer with direct views of the
the time of examination only.
equipment.
4.6 Infrared examinations are not remedial.
6.4.3 Ensuring that the equipment to be examined is under
adequate load, creating satisfactory loads when necessary, and
4.7 An infrared examination of electrical and mechanical
allowing sufficient time for recently energized equipment to
equipment does not assure its proper operation. Other tests and
produce stable thermal patterns.
proper maintenance are necessary to ensure their reliable
performance. 6.5 When examining the equipment, the thermographer will
comply with all safety rules, regulations and practices of the
5. Personnel Responsibilities end user.
6.6 The infrared thermographer shall perform examinations
5.1 The infrared thermographer shall:
when the environmental and physical conditions, such as solar
5.1.1 Have sufficient knowledge of the components, con-
gain, wind, surface and atmospheric moisture and heat transfer
struction and theory of electrical or mechanical equipment, or
are favorable to gathering accurate data.
both, to understand the observed patterns of radiation,
5.1.2 Be knowledgeable of, and comply with, the safety 6.7 The infrared thermographer shall document any excep-
practices and rules of the end user, and tions found by recording the data required in 7.2 through 7.2.9
or 7.3 through 7.3.6, or all of these.
5.1.3 Use an infrared imaging system with imaging or
radiometric capabilities, or both, sufficient to meet the exami-
NOTE 1—Special care must be exercised when examining surfaces
nation requirements.
having low emissivities (<0.5). In these circumstances exceptions may be
more difficult to detect.Also, such surfaces produce reflections that can be
5.2 Unless he/she is a licensed electrician, professional
misleading.Theinfraredthermographershouldbeawareofthesepotential
engineer or has other equivalent qualifications, the infrared
error sources and use techniques to minimize them, such as moving the
thermographer: position of the imager and blocking the surfaces from reflected sources.
5.2.1 Shall not perform any tasks that are normally done b
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1934 − 99a (Reapproved 2010) E1934 − 99a (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Guide for
Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with
Infrared Thermography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1934; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide lists the responsibilities of the end user and the infrared thermographer when examining electrical and
mechanical systems.
1.2 This guide outlines the specific content required to document qualitative and quantitative infrared examinations of electrical
and mechanical equipment.
1.3 This guide may involve use of equipment and materials in the presence of heated, moving or all of these or electrically
energized equipment.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 end user—the person responsible for using the information provided by an infrared examination.
3.1.2 exception—an abnormally warm or cool connector, conductor or component.
3.1.3 infrared examination—the use of an infrared imaging system to provide thermal data about a structure, system, object or
process.
3.1.4 inventory list—a list of the equipment by the infrared thermographer.
3.1.5 qualified assistant—a person provided and authorized by the end user to perform the tasks required by the infrared
thermographer. He/she shall be knowledgeable of the operation and history of the equipment to be examined and of all safety
practices and rules of the end user.
3.1.6 qualitative infrared inspection—an infrared examination that provides images of exceptions but not temperature data.
3.1.7 quantitative infrared inspection—an infrared examination that provides both images of exceptions and temperature data.
3.2 See also Terminology E1316.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide can be used by an end user to specify infrared examinations of electrical and mechanical equipment and an
infrared thermographer to perform them.
4.2 This guide lists the joint responsibilities of the end user and the infrared thermographer when using infrared thermography.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Specialized NDT
Methods.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010June 1, 2014. Published November 2010July 2014. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
ε1
E1934 - 99a (2005)(2010). . DOI: 10.1520/E1934-99AR10.10.1520/E1934-99AR14.
This guide is adapted from the Guideline for Infrared Inspection and Mechanical Systems developed by Infraspection Institute, 425 Ellis Street, Burlington, NJ 08016.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1934 − 99a (2014)
4.3 The purpose of an infrared examination is to identify and document exceptions in the end user’s electrical or mechanical
systems, or both.
4.3.1 In electrical equipment, warm exceptions are usually created by an increase in resistance caused by loose or deteriorated
connections, short circuits, overloads, load imbalances or faulty, mismatched or improperly installed components. Cool exceptions
are usually caused by failed components.
4.3.2 In mechanical equipment, warm exceptions are usually created by friction caused by improper lubrication, misalignment,
worn components or mechanical loading anomalies. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed components.
4.3.3 Exceptions in insulation systems are usually caused by missing or deteriorated materials, improper installation or
insufficient amounts of material.
4.4 Providing opinions about the causes of exceptions, the integrity of the equipment or recommendations for corrective actions
require knowledge and skills beyond those of infrared thermography.
4.5 Infrared examinations provide data about equipment at the time of examination only.
4.6 Infrared examinations are not remedial.
4.7 An infrared examination of electrical and mechanical equipment does not assure its proper operation. Other tests and proper
maintenance are necessary to ensure their reliable performance.
5. Personnel Responsibilities
5.1 The infrared thermographer shall:
5.1.1 Have sufficient knowledge of the components, construction and theory of electrical or mechanical equipment, or both, to
understand the observed patterns of radiation,
5.1.2 Be knowledgeable of, and comply with, the safety practices and rules of the end user, and
5.1.3 Use an infrared imaging system with imaging or radiometric capabilities, or both, sufficient to meet the examination
requirements.
5.2 Unless he/she is a licensed electrician, professional engineer or has other equivalent qualifications, the infrared
thermographer:
5.2.1 Shall not perform any tasks that are normally done by these personnel. Unless so qualified and authorized by the end user,
the infrared thermographer,
5.2.2 Shall not remove or replace covers or open or close cabinets containing electrical or mechanical equipment,
5.2.3 Shall not measure electric loads of equipment, and
5.2.4 Shall not touch any equipment and shall maintain a safe distance from it.
5.3 The qualified assistant shall fulfill the responsibilities listed in 3.1.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.4 through 6.4.3, 6.7.1, and 6.8.
5.4 The end user shall assume full responsibility for consequences resulting from actions taken, or not taken, as a result of data
provided by an infrared examination.
6. Procedure
6.1 The end user shall provide, to accompany the infrared thermographer, a qualified assistant who is knowledgeable of the
operation and history of the equipment to be examined.
6.2 With the assistance of the qualified assistant, the infrared thermographer shall develop an inventory list of the equipment
to be examined in a logical, efficient and safe route through the facility.
6.3 The infrared thermographer shall perform a calibration test(s), before each quantitative infrared examination, to ensure that
all temperature-measuring equipment is within the manufacturers’ standard specifications for accuracy.
6.4 The qualified assistant shall prepare the equipment for examination by:
6.4.1 Obtaining a
...
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