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ASTM G48-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution

Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determination of the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to pitting and crevice corrosion (see Terminology G 15) when exposed to oxidizing chloride environments. Four procedures are described and identified as Methods A, B, C, and D.  
1.1.1 Method A- Ferric chloride pitting test.
1.1.2 Method B- Ferric chloride crevice test.
1.1.3 Method C- Critical pitting temperature test.  
1.1.4 Method D- Critical crevice temperature test.  
1.2 Method A is designed to determine the relative pitting resistance of stainless steels and nickel-base, chromium-bearing alloys, whereas Method B can be used for determining both the pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of these alloys. Methods C and D allow for a ranking of alloys by minimum (critical) temperature to cause initiation of pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion, respectively, of stainless steels and nickel-base, chromium-bearing alloys in a standard ferritic chloride solution.
1.3 These tests may be used to determine the effects of alloying additives, heat treatment, and surface finishes on pitting and crevice corrosion resistance.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units are given in parentheses for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-2000
ICS
77.060 - Corrosion of metals
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.05 - Laboratory Corrosion Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G48-99A - Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Replaced By
ASTM G48-03 - Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM G192-08(2020)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Crevice Repassivation Potential of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys Using a Potentiodynamic-Galvanostatic-Potentiostatic Technique
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM B1015-20 - Standard Practice for Form and Style of Standards Relating to Refined Nickel and Cobalt and Their Alloys
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM G217-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Corrosion Monitoring in Laboratories and Plants with Coupled Multielectrode Array Sensor Method
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM G157-98(2018) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Corrosion Properties of Wrought Iron- and Nickel-Based Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Chemical Process Industries
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM B834-22 - Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated Powder Nickel Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM A923-23 - Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic Phase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM A995/A995M-20 - Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for Pressure-Containing Parts
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM A1084-15a(2022) - Standard Test Method for Detecting Detrimental Phases in Lean Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM B895-16(2020)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating the Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Powder Metallurgy (PM) Parts/Specimens by Immersion in a Sodium Chloride Solution
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM A1049/A1049M-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings, Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex), for Pressure Vessels and Related Components
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM A988/A988M-23 - Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM B444-23 - Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Niobium Alloys<brk/> and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy Pipe and Tube
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM G31-21 - Standard Guide for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals
Effective Date
10-May-2000

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ASTM G48-00 - Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride SolutionASTM G48-00 - Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
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ASTM G48-00 - Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: G 48 – 00
Standard Test Methods for
Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless
Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride
1
Solution
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 48; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
2
1. Scope lar Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels
3
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determina-
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
tion of the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to
4
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
pitting and crevice corrosion (see Terminology G 15) when
E 1338 Guide for the Identification of Metals and Alloys in
exposed to oxidizing chloride environments. Four procedures
5
Computerized Material Property Databases
are described and identified as Methods A, B, C, and D.
G 1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Cor-
1.1.1 Method A—Ferric chloride pitting test.
6
rosion Test Specimens
1.1.2 Method B—Ferric chloride crevice test.
G 15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion
1.1.3 Method C—Critical pitting temperature test.
6
Testing
1.1.4 Method D—Critical crevice temperature test.
G 46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting
1.2 Method A is designed to determine the relative pitting
6
Corrosion
resistance of stainless steels and nickel-base, chromium-
G 107 Guide for Formats for Collection and Compilation of
bearing alloys, whereas Method B can be used for determining
Corrosion Data for Metals for Computerized Database
both the pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of these alloys.
6
Input
Methods C and D allow for a ranking of alloys by minimum
(critical) temperature to cause initiation of pitting corrosion
3. Terminology
and crevice corrosion, respectively, of stainless steels and
3.1 Definition of Terms Specific to This Standard:
nickel-base, chromium-bearing alloys in a standard ferric
3.1.1 critical crevice temperature, n—the minimum tem-
chloride solution.
perature (°C) to produce crevice attack at least 0.025-mm
1.3 These tests may be used to determine the effects of
(0.001-in.) deep on the bold surface of the specimen beneath
alloying additives, heat treatment, and surface finishes on
the crevice washer, edge attack ignored.
pitting and crevice corrosion resistance.
3.1.2 critical pitting temperature, n— the minimum tem-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
perature (°C) to produce pitting attack at least 0.025-mm
standard. Other units are given in parentheses for information
(0.001-in.) deep on the bold surface of the specimen, edge
only.
attack ignored.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 The terminology used herein, if not specifically defined
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
otherwise, shall be in accordance with Terminology G 15.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Definitions provided herein and not given in Terminology G 15
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
are limited only to this standard.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 These test methods describe laboratory tests for com-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
paring the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to the
A 262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranu-
initiation of pitting and crevice corrosion. The results may be
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
3
Corrosion of Metals, and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
4
Laboratory Corrosion Tests. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
5
Current edition approved May 10, 2000. Published June 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
6
published as G 48 – 76. Last previous edition G 48 – 99a. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
G48–00
used for ranking alloys in order of increasing resistance to 5.1.3 Condensers, Vents and Covers:
pitting and crevice corrosion initiation under the specific 5.1.3.1 A variety of condensers may be used in conjunction
conditions of these
...

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5.1 Autoclave tests are commonly used to evaluate the corrosion performance of metallic and non-metallic materials under simulated HP and HTHP service conditions. Examples of service environments in which HP and HTHP corrosion tests have been used include chemical processing, petroleum production and refining, food processing, pressurized cooling water, electric power systems, and aerospace propulsion.  
5.2 For the applications of corrosion testing listed in 5.1, the service environment involves handling corrosive and potentially hazardous media under conditions of high pressure or high temperature, or both. The temperature and pressure, among other parameters, usually drive the composition and properties of the aqueous phase and, hence, the severity of the corrosion process. Consequently, the laboratory evaluation of corrosion severity cannot be performed in conventional low pressure glassware without making potentially invalid assumptions as to the potential effects of high temperature and pressure on corrosion severity.  
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4.1 It is important to be able to determine the extent of pitting, either in a service application in which it is necessary to predict the remaining life in a metal structure, or in laboratory test programs that are used to select the most pitting-resistant materials for service. The purpose of the study is crucial in determining the appropriate examination and evaluation steps.  
4.2 Some typical purposes of laboratory tests include, but are not limited to, evaluating performance of alloys, determining whether an alloy is resistant to the environment, evaluating how environmental conditions including corrosion inhibitor affect or prevent pitting, and evaluating whether a lot of metal is sufficiently resistant for its use in a particular application or environment.  
4.3 Some typical purposes of field studies include, but are not limited to, determining if pits are likely to grow and cause leak or release of process fluid, and assisting a determination of whether to replace or repair damage from pits (remaining life assessment).
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1.1 This guide covers the selection of procedures that can be used in the examination and evaluation of pitted metals. These procedures include both nondestructive and destructive approaches.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—In X1.2.1, mils per year (MPY) are regarded as standard for the target corrosion rate.  
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Standard Practice for Use of Mattsson's Solution of pH 7.2 to Evaluate the Stress-Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Copper-Zinc Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test environment is believed to give an accelerated ranking of the relative or absolute degree of stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility for different brasses. It has been found to correlate well with the corresponding service ranking in environments that cause stress-corrosion cracking which is thought to be due to the combined presence of traces of moisture and ammonia vapor. The extent to which the accelerated ranking correlates with the ranking obtained after long-term exposure to environments containing corrodents other than ammonia is not at present known. Examples of such environments may be severe marine atmospheres (Cl−), severe industrial atmospheres (predominantly SO2), and super-heated ammonia-free steam.  
4.2 It is not possible at present to specify any particular time to failure (defined on the basis of any particular failure criteria) in pH 7.2 Mattsson’s solution that corresponds to a distinction between acceptable and unacceptable stress-corrosion behavior in brass alloys. Such particular correlations must be determined individually.  
4.3 Mattsson's solution of pH 7.2 may also cause stress independent general and intergranular corrosion of brasses to some extent. This leads to the possibility of confusing stress-corrosion failures with mechanical failures induced by corrosion-reduced net cross sections. This danger is particularly great with small cross section specimens, high applied stress levels, long exposure periods and stress-corrosion resistant alloys. Careful metallographic examination is recommended for correct diagnosis of the cause of failure. Alternatively, unstressed control specimens may be exposed to evaluate the extent to which stress independent corrosion degrades mechanical properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation and use of Mattsson’s solution of pH 7.2 as an accelerated stress-corrosion cracking test environment for brasses (copper-zinc base alloys). The variables (to the extent that these are known at present) that require control are described together with possible means for controlling and standardizing these variables.  
1.2 This practice is recommended only for brasses (copper-zinc base alloys). The use of this test environment is not recommended for other copper alloys since the results may be erroneous, providing completely misleading rankings. This is particularly true of alloys containing aluminum or nickel as deliberate alloying additions.  
1.3 This practice is intended primarily where the test objective is to determine the relative stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility of different brasses under the same or different stress conditions or to determine the absolute degree of stress corrosion cracking susceptibility, if any, of a particular brass or brass component under one or more specific stress conditions. Other legitimate test objectives for which this test solution may be used do, of course, exist. The tensile stresses present may be known or unknown, applied or residual. The practice may be applied to wrought brass products or components, brass castings, brass weldments, and so forth, and to all brasses. Strict environmental test conditions are stipulated for maximum assurance that apparent variations in stress-corrosion susceptibility are attributable to real variations in the material being tested or in the tensile stress level and not to environmental variations.  
1.4 This practice relates solely to the preparation and control of the test environment. No attempt is made to recommend surface preparation or finish, or both, as this may vary with the test objectives. Similarly, no attempt is made to recommend particular stress-corrosion test specimen configurations or methods of applying the stress. Test specimen configurations that may be used are referenced in Practice G30 and STP 425.2  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included ...

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ASTM
ASTM G186-05(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Whether Gas-Leak-Detector Fluid Solutions Can Cause Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Brass components are routinely used in compressed gas service for valves, pressure regulators, connectors and many other components. Although soft brass is not susceptible to ammonia SCC, work-hardened brass is susceptible if its hardness exceeds about 54 HR 30T (55HRB) (Rockwell scale). Normal assembly of brass components should not induce sufficient work hardening to cause susceptibility to ammonia SCC. However, it is has been observed that over-tightening of the components will render them susceptible to SCC, and the problem becomes more severe in older components that have been tightened many times. In this test, the specimens are obtained in the hardened condition and are strained beyond the elastic limit to accelerate the tendency towards SCC.  
5.2 It is normal practice to use LDFs to check pressurized systems to assure that leaking is not occurring. LDFs are usually aqueous solutions containing surfactants that will form bubbles at the site of a leak. If the LDF contains ammonia or other agent that can cause SCC in brass, serious damage can occur to the system that will compromise its safety and integrity.  
5.3 It is important to test LDFs to assure that they do not cause SCC of brass and to assure that the use of these products does not compromise the integrity of the pressure containing system.  
5.4 It has been found that corrosion of brass is necessary before SCC can occur. The reason for this is that the corrosion process results in cupric and cuprous ions accumulating in the electrolyte. Therefore, adding copper metal and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) to the aqueous solution accelerates the SCC process if agents that cause SCC are present. However, adding these components to a solution that does not cause SCC will not make stressed brass crack.  
5.5 Repeated application of the solution to the specimen followed by a drying period causes the components in the solution to concentrate thereby further increasing the rate of cracking. This also simulates se...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated test method for evaluating the tendency of gas leak detection fluids (LDFs) to cause stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass components in compressed gas service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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