ASTM D7143-05
(Practice)Standard Practice for Emission Cells for the Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
Standard Practice for Emission Cells for the Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Indoor materials/products are products or materials used for construction works or in the indoor environment. The area specific emission rates of volatile organic compounds from an indoor material/product may be used to estimate the expected contribution of emissions from that material/product to the atmosphere of a given indoor environment.
Emission data may also be used to compare and categorize different indoor materials/products of similar function.
Emission cell testing of area specific emissions may alternatively be used for studying secondary interactions (for example, sink effects (absorption and re-emission of volatile organics by the indoor material/product) or emissions generated by chemical degradation of the indoor material/product caused by specific atmospheric agents such as water, ozone or NOx).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and products using emission cells. It can be applied in principle to most construction materials and many products used indoors. Objectives include:
1.1.1 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end users with emission data useful for evaluating the impact of building products, new or old, on indoor air concentrations in a model room.
1.1.2 To promote the development of products with lower VOC emissions.
1.2 This practice is for identifying emitted VOCs and for determining the area specific emission rate of VOCs from newly produced building products under defined climate conditions. The method can also be applied to aged products.
1.3 In accordance with the definition of an emission cell, it is also possible to perform nondestructive emission measurements on building products on-site in buildings. However, the procedure for such measurements is not described in this standard.
1.4 This practice describes the design, construction, performance evaluation and use of emission cells for VOC emission testing. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to be tested, and preparation of test specimens are also described.
1.5 Air sampling and analytical methods for the determination of VOCs are described in Practice D 6196. Alternative sampling and analytical approaches for formaldehyde and other carbonyls are described in Test Method D 5197.
Note 1—All volatile (vapor-phase) carbonyls except formaldehyde can be analyzed by either Practice D 6196 or by Test Method D 5197.
Note 2—Direct-reading instruments can also be applied for specific objectives.
Note 3—Some volatile inorganic compounds can, in principle, also be analyzed (for example, ammonia).
1.6 An example of an emission cell is described in Appendix X2 of this practice.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D7143 – 05
Standard Practice for
Emission Cells for the Determination of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7143; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This practice complements Guide D5116 and Practice D6670.
analyzed (for example, ammonia).
1. Scope
1.6 An example of an emission cell is described in Appen-
1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile or-
ganiccompound(VOC)emissionsfrommaterialsandproducts dix X2 of this practice.
using emission cells. It can be applied in principle to most
2. Referenced Documents
construction materials and many products used indoors. Ob-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
jectives include:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
1.1.1 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end users
with emission data useful for evaluating the impact of building Atmospheres
D1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating
products, new or old, on indoor air concentrations in a model
to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
room.
D5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-
1.1.2 To promote the development of products with lower
terminations of Organic Emissions From Indoor Materials/
VOC emissions.
Products
1.2 This practice is for identifying emitted VOCs and for
D5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde
determining the area specific emission rate of VOCs from
and Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active Sampler
newly produced building products under defined climate con-
Methodology)
ditions. The method can also be applied to aged products.
D5337 Practice for Flow Rate Calibration of Personal
1.3 In accordance with the definition of an emission cell, it
Sampling Pumps
is also possible to perform nondestructive emission measure-
D6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and
ments on building products on-site in buildings. However, the
Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-
procedure for such measurements is not described in this
ganic Compounds in Air
standard.
D6330 PracticeforDeterminationofVolatileOrganicCom-
1.4 This practice describes the design, construction, perfor-
pounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions from Wood-
mance evaluation and use of emission cells for VOC emission
Based Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Un-
testing. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to be
der Defined Test Conditions
tested, and preparation of test specimens are also described.
D6670 Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination of
1.5 Air sampling and analytical methods for the determina-
Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/
tion of VOCs are described in Practice D6196. Alternative
Products
sampling and analytical approaches for formaldehyde and
2.2 Others Standards and Documents:
other carbonyls are described in Test Method D5197.
EN 196-1 Methods of Testing Cement—Part 1: Determina-
NOTE 1—Allvolatile(vapor-phase)carbonylsexceptformaldehydecan
tion of Strength
be analyzed by either Practice D6196 or by Test Method D5197.
EN428 ResilientFloorCoverings—DeterminationofOver-
NOTE 2—Direct-reading instruments can also be applied for specific
all Thickness
objectives.
NOTE 3—Some volatile inorganic compounds can, in principle, also be EN 430 Resilient Floor Coverings—Determination of Mass
per Unit Area
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 onAir Quality For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published May 2005. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7143-05. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7143 – 05
EN 927-1 Paints and Varnishes—Coating Materials and 3.2.3.1 Discussion—The emission cell is placed against the
Coating Systems for Exterior Wood surface of the test specimen, such that the surface of the test
EN 1937 Test Method for Hydraulic Setting Floor Smooth- specimen itself becomes part of the emission cell. This is the
ing and/or Leveling Compounds—Standard Mixing Pro- fundamental difference between emission cells and emission
cedures chambers. The air inlet of the emission cell is designed such
EN 13892-1 Methods of Test for Screed Materials—Part 2: that the flow of air is directed over the surface of the test
Sampling, Making, and Curing Specimens for Test specimen.
ENISO3251 PaintsandVarnishes—DeterminationofNon- 3.2.3.2 Discussion—An example emission cell is described
Volatile Matter of Paints, Varnishes, and Binders for in Appendix X2.
Paints and Varnishes 3.2.4 product loading factor—the ratio of the test specimen
EN ISO 16017-1 Air Quality—Sampling and Analysis of area and the emission cell volume.
Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, Indoor Air
4. Summary of Practice
and Workplace Air by Sorbent Tube/Thermal Desorption/
4.1 Emission cells are suitable for relatively-homogeneous
Capillary Gas Chromatography—Part 1: Pumped Sam-
indoormaterials/products,whichpresentaplanarsurfacetothe
pling
emission cell.
EN ISO DIS 13419-1 Building Products—Determination of
the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds—Part 1:
NOTE 4—Small emissions chambers are similarly limited with respect
Emission Test Chamber Method
to sample inhomogeneity. To overcome this issue, with either emission
cells or small emission chambers, multiple measurements should be made
ISO 554 Standard Atmospheres for Conditioning and/or
from different parts of the same sample in order to obtain an average
Testing
emission measurement.
ISO 1765 Machine-Made Textile Floor Coverings—
Determination of Thickness 4.2 Indoor materials/products which have a planar surface
(wood-based panel products, dried paints or coatings, flooring
ISO 2811 Paints and varnishes—Determination of density
ISO 3233 Paints and Varnishes—Determination of Percent- products, textiles, foams, polymer sheeting, dried adhesive
layers, and so forth) or which can be made to present a planar
age Volume of Non-Volatile Matter by Measuring the
Density of a Dried Coating surface to the emission cell (polymer beads, carpet, mold
cultures in petri dishes, and so forth) are placed under the
ISO 8543 Textile Floor Coverings—Methods for Determi-
emission cell such that the test specimen itself forms one face
nation of Mass
of the emission cell. Pure, humidified air is passed into the cell
ISO 16000-6 Indoor air—Part 6: Determination of Volatile
through a baffle around the perimeter such that it passes over
Organic Compounds in Indoor and Test Chamber Air by
the whole surface of the test specimen. The temperature and
Active Sampling on Tenax TA Sorbent, Thermal Desorp-
humidity are closely controlled. As air passes over the test
tion and Gas Chromatography Using MS/FID
specimen, vapor-phase organics emitted from the surface are
EPA-600/4-89/017 US EPA Compendium of Methods for
swept away from the test specimen in the flow of air. The
Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient
Air available through the National Technical Information air/vapor exit (exhaust) point is usually located centrally,
immediately above the test specimen surface, to avoid unswept
Service,Springfield,VA22161;PB90-116989.Thisreport
contains US EPAMethodTO-17—Determination of vola- volumes and sink effects (see 7.6 and Appendix X2). The
exhaustairisfullymixedsuchthatairsampledattheexitpoint
tile organic compounds in ambient air using active sam-
pling onto sorbent tubes. is representative of the air in the cell. Approximately 80 % of
the flow of air into the cell is pumped onto two sample tubes.
NordtestNTBuild438(1995) BuildingMaterials:Emission
of Volatile Chemicals—Field and Laboratory Emission The excess air is allowed to exhaust through an overflow vent
to ensure that a slight positive pressure is maintained inside the
Cell
cell to prevent ingress of background air.
3. Terminology
4.3 The air flow rate is set such that the air velocity over the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions and terms commonly used
surface of the test specimen has no effect on the area specific
in ASTM standards, including this practice, refer to Terminol-
emission rate (see 6.4). The emissions tests are carried out at
ogy D1356. For an explanation of general units, symbols and
fixed times after preparation of the test specimen (for example,
conversion factors, refer to Practice D1914
after 2 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 10 days, 28 days, 56 days, or
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:For the
182 days (26 weeks)). Throughout the entire test period, test
purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions
pieces shall either be kept under the emission cell under the
apply.
flow of pure, humidified air, or stored in a clean, well-
3.2.1 air change rate—the flow rate of clean, conditioned
ventilated environment, under controlled conditions of tem-
air into the cell divided by the cell volume; usually expressed
perature and humidity, with no risk of contamination from
–1
in units of h .
other samples or other emission sources.
3.2.2 area specific air flow rate—ratio between the supply
NOTE 5—The air flow rate at the surface of the test specimen is
air flow rate and the area of the test specimen.
particularly critical for wet indoor materials/products where the primary
3.2.3 emission cell—a portable device for the determination
emission process is evaporation (external diffusion). In these cases, while
of volatile organic compounds emitted from indoor materials/
it will remain possible to compare emission data from wet samples
products. collected using similar emission cells under identical conditions, the
D7143 – 05
non-uniformity and relative slowness of the air velocity at the surface of
tests can be used to estimate the likely contribution to
the test specimen, will make it difficult to compare emission cell data with
atmospheric VOC concentrations from that indoor material/
that obtained using an emission chamber (see Appendix X4).
product in real use, at time (t) after installation/application
NOTE 6—Similar limitations make it difficult to compare emission data
(assuming similar nominal conditions of temperature and
from two different small chambers or from the same chamber under
humidity).
different operating conditions, if that data is obtained during the drying/
6.3 Intercomparison of Emission Data
curing stages of a wet product.
6.3.1 Provided the test conditions are duplicated, area spe-
4.4 ThesampletubesusedforcollectingVOCsareanalyzed
cific emission rate data generated from these tests may be used
by thermal desorption: gas chromatography (GC); usually with
for comparison with area specific emission rate data produced
mass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detection (FID)
for the same or similar products by other laboratories using
to identify and quantify the target volatile organic compounds
similar emission cells.
as described in Practice D6196, ISO 16000-6 or ISO 16017-1.
The measured masses of volatile organic compounds retained NOTE 7—The principles described in 6.2 and 6.3 are true for all
applicable product types, whatever the dominant process of emission.
bythesorbenttubesarethenusedtodeterminetheareaspecific
emission rates of the material or product.Alternative sampling
6.4 Effect of the Emission Mechanism on Test Data
and analytical techniques are used for formaldehyde (and for
6.4.1 Provided the dominant emission mechanism is (inter-
other carbonyls) as described in Test Method D5197.
nal) diffusion, not evaporation (external diffusion), area spe-
cific emission rate data will be broadly independent of air
5. Significance and Use
velocity over the surface of the indoor material/product. This
5.1 Indoor materials/products are products or materials used will remain true provided the surface air velocity exceeds the
minimum velocity required to prevent build up of vapor-phase
for construction works or in the indoor environment. The area
specific emission rates of volatile organic compounds from an contaminants at the surface of the indoor material/product (see
Appendix X4).
indoor material/product may be used to estimate the expected
contribution of emissions from that material/product to the 6.4.2 Provided the dominant emission mechanism from a
material/product is internal diffusion, it is therefore possible to
atmosphere of a given indoor environment.
5.2 Emission data may also be used to compare and catego- compare area specific emission rates generated from emission
rize different indoor materials/products of similar function. cells under different air flow conditions or to compare area
5.3 Emission cell testing of area specific emissions may specific emission rate data generated by emission cells with
alternatively be used for studying secondary interactions (for that obtained using test chambers (D5116 or EN/ISO DIS
example, sink effects (absorption and re-emission of volatile 13419-1.) (see Appendix X4).
organics by the indoor material/product) or emissions gener-
NOTE 8—Evaporative emissions predominate during the drying/curing
ated by chemical degradation of the indoor material/product
stages of wet-applied products and are significantly effected by the
caused by specific atmospheric agents such as water, ozone or
following factors: sample conditioning procedures; timing of the test;
NO ). loading factor (and related vapor concentration within the cell); and air
x
velocity over the test specimen surface. Comparative tests on wet-applied
products during the drying/curing stage should therefore be carried out
6. Principles
using identical equipment, conditions and procedures and using an air
6.1 General Principles 3
velocity which approximates to that seen in real-world use (1-3) . These
6.1.1 Area specific emission rates at a given lapsed time (t)
restrictions apply in principle to both cells and small chambers.
are calculated from the masses of target volatile organic NOTE 9—Emissions testing of wet-applied materials/products is typi-
cally carried out after the drying/curing stage, when internal diffusion-
compounds collected on the sample tubes, the flow of air
controlled emission processes predominate.This is more representative of
pumpedthrougheachsampletube,thetotalflowofairentering
re
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