ASTM D3827-92(1997)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and Other Organic Liquids
Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and Other Organic Liquids
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of several common gases in petroleum and synthetic lubricants, fuels, and solvents, at temperatures between 0 and 488 K.
1.2 This test method is limited to systems in which polarity and hydrogen bonding are not strong enough to cause serious deviations from regularity. Specifically excluded are such gases as HCl, NH3, and SO2, and hydroxy liquids such as alcohols, glycols, and water. Estimating the solubility of CO2 in nonhydrocarbons is also specifically excluded.
1.3 Highly aromatic oils such as diphenoxy phenylene ethers violate the stated accuracy above 363 K, at which point the estimate for nitrogen solubility is 43% higher than the observation.
1.4 Lubricants are given preference in this test method to the extent that certain empirical factors were adjusted to the lubricant data. Estimates for distillate fuels are made from the lubricant estimates by a further set of empirical factors, and are less accurate. Estimates for halogenated solvents are made as if they were hydrocarbons, and are the least accurate of the three.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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An American National Standard
Designation: D 3827 – 92 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and Other
Organic Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3827; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the
D 1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables
equilibrium solubility of several common gases in petroleum
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
and synthetic lubricants, fuels, and solvents, at temperatures
Gravity) or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
between 0 and 488 K.
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
1.2 This test method is limited to systems in which polarity
D 2502 Test Method for Estimation of Molecular Weight
and hydrogen bonding are not strong enough to cause serious
(Relative Molecular Mass) of Petroleum Oils from Viscos-
deviations from regularity. Specifically excluded are such
ity Measurements
gases as HCl, NH , and SO , and hydroxy liquids such as
3 2
D 2503 Test Method for Molecular Weight (Relative Mo-
alcohols, glycols, and water. Estimating the solubility of CO
lecular Mass) of Hydrocarbons by Thermoelectric Mea-
in nonhydrocarbons is also specifically excluded.
surement of Vapor Pressure
1.3 Highly aromatic oils such as diphenoxy phenylene
ethers violate the stated accuracy above 363 K, at which point
3. Terminology
the estimate for nitrogen solubility is 43 % higher than the
3.1 Definitions:
observation.
3.1.1 Bunsen coeffıcient—the solubility of a gas, expressed
1.4 Lubricants are given preference in this test method to
as the gas volume reduced to 273 K (32°F) and 0.10 MPa (1
the extent that certain empirical factors were adjusted to the
atm), dissolved by one volume of liquid at the specified
lubricant data. Estimates for distillate fuels are made from the
temperature and 0.10 MPa.
lubricant estimates by a further set of empirical factors, and are
3.1.2 Ostwald coeffıcient—the solubility of a gas, expressed
less accurate. Estimates for halogenated solvents are made as if
as the volume of gas dissolved per volume of liquid when both
they were hydrocarbons, and are the least accurate of the three.
are in equilibrium at the specified partial pressure of gas and at
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
the specified temperature.
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1 distillate fuel—a petroleum product having a molecu-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
lar weight below 300 g/mol.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2 halogenated solvent—a partially or fully halogenated
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
hydrocarbon having a molar volume below 300 mL/mol.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.3 solubility parameter—the square root of the internal
2. Referenced Documents energy change (heat absorbed minus work done) of vaporiza-
tion per unit volume of liquid, at 298 K.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.3.1 Discussion—For gases in Table 1, the liquid is
hypothetical and the values were calculated from actual solu-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
bility data.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.11 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 1992. Published December 1992. Originally
published as D 3827 – 79. Last previous edition D 3827 – 86. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 3827 – 92 (1997)
TABLE 1 Solubility Parameters of Gaseous Solutes
5. Significance and Use
Gas M d at 298 K Fuel Factor
2 2
5.1 Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance in
He 4 3.35 1.27
the lubrication of gas compressors. It is believed to be a
Ne 20 3.87 1.37
substantial factor in boundary lubrication, where the sudden
H 2 5.52 1.27
release of dissolved gas may cause cavitation erosion, or even
N 28 6.04 1.70
Air 29 6.67 1.44
collapse of the fluid film. In hydraulic and seal oils, gas
CO 28 7.47 1.37
dissolved at high pressure can cause excessive foaming on
O 32 7.75 1.28
release of the pressure. In aviation oils and fuels, the difference
Ar 40 7.71 1.37
CH 16 9.10 1.42
in pressure between take-off and cruise altitude can cause
Kr 84 10.34 1.37
foaming in storage vessels and interrupt flow to pumps.
CO 44 14.81 1.14
6. Procedure
6.1 Obtain the value of d for the liquid by the appropriate
3.3 Symbols:Symbols:
one of the following options:
6.1.1 If the liquid is a nonhydrocarbon, obtain d from Table
2. If it is not listed there, and the structure is known, calculate
B = Bunsen coefficient at the specified condition,
d by the method of Fedors.
r = density of liquid at 288 K (60°F), g/mL,
6.1.2 If the liquid is refined petroleum or a synthetic
r = density of liquid at specified temperature, g/mL,
t
hydrocarbon, determine r by Test Method D 1218 or equiva-
G = solubility in mg/k,
lent. If r is 0.885 g/mL or less, calculate d as follows:
H = Henry’s law constant, MPa,
M = molecular weight of liquid, g/mol,
d 5 12.03r1 7.36 (1)
1 1
M = molecular weight of gas, g/mol,
6.1.3 If the liquid is refined petroleum or a synthetic
n = refractive index of liquid, sodium D-line at 298 K,
D
hydrocarbon with r = 0.886 g/mL or more, or a nonhydrocar-
p = partial pressure of gas, MPa,
bon of unknown structure, determine n by Test Method
D
p = vapor pressure of liquid, MPa,
v
D 1218, and calculate as follows:
T = specified temperature, K,
L = Ostwald coefficient at T,
d 5 8.63n 1 0.96 (2)
1 D
X = mole fraction of gas in equilibrium solution,
NOTE 1—Values of d from Table 2 or r are accurate to 60.2 unit, but
d = solubility parameter of liquid, (MPa) ⁄2,
2 those from n may be in error by as much as 61.0 unit.
1 D
d = equivalent solubility parameter of gas, (MPa) ⁄2, and
f = volume fraction of component i in a mixture of 6.1.4 For mixtures of liquids with solubility parameters d ,
i a
liquids. f . d in volume fractions f , . f , calculate d as follows:
b i a b i 1
d 5f d 1f d .1f d (3)
1 a a b b i i
4. Summary of Test Method
6.2 Obtain the value of d from Table 1.
4.1 The solubility of gases in petroleum and other organic
6.3 Calculate the Ostwald coefficient for a lubricant as
liquids may be calculated from solubility parameters of the
follows:
liquid and gas. The parameters are given for several classes of
L 5 exp@~0.0395~d 2d ! 2 2.66!~1 2 273/T! 2 0.303d
systems and their use illustrated. Alternative methods for 1 2 1
2 0.0241~17.602d ! 1 5.731# (4)
estimation of solubility parameters are described.
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