ASTM E2373-09
(Practice)Standard Practice for Use of the Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique
Standard Practice for Use of the Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides general principles for the application of the Time-of-Flight Diffraction Technique as a tool for detection and sizing of discontinuities.
TOFD is a nondestructive ultrasonic examination technique that is not based on amplitude response. However, sufficient sensitivity is required to identify indications for evaluation.
Techniques used are typically applied to welded joints in carbon steel but the principles may be applicable to other applications including other materials with suitable validation procedures agreeable to the contracting parties.
In addition to a stand-alone ultrasonic detection technique TOFD may be used in conjunction with weld examinations such as those described in Practices E 164 and E 1961 where it may be used to improve sizing estimates of flaws detected by the manual or mechanized pulse-echo techniques and help discriminate between flaws and geometric reflectors.
The technique has proven effective on thicknesses from 9 to 300 mm (0.375 to 12 in.). TOFD has been used on thicknesses outside of this range but special considerations are necessary. Techniques developed outside of this range of thickness shall be demonstrated as capable of meeting the required detection and sizing requirements of the specification used.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the requirements for developing ultrasonic examination procedures using the ultrasonic technique known as Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD).
1.2 Consistent with ASTM Policy, TOFD may be regarded as an ultrasonic test method whereby the qualities and characteristics of the item tested are evaluated, measured and in some cases identified. Measurements may be subject to precision and bias that may be determined statistically or as a function of some parameter(s) such as wavelength. This practice may be used for applications that would be qualitative and properly addressed as examinations as well as quantitative and more properly addressed as tests.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E2373 − 09
StandardPractice for
Use of the Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD)
1
Technique
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2373; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.2 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
1.1 This practice establishes the requirements for develop-
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
ing ultrasonic examination procedures using the ultrasonic
ANSI/ASNT CP-189Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
technique known as Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD).
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.2 Consistent with ASTM Policy, TOFD may be regarded
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2.3 Aerospace Industries Association Document:
as an ultrasonic test method whereby the qualities and charac-
NAS-410Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
teristicsoftheitemtestedareevaluated,measuredandinsome
Testing Personnel
casesidentified.Measurementsmaybesubjecttoprecisionand
2.4 Other Documents:
bias that may be determined statistically or as a function of
BS 7706 (1993)Guide to Calibration and Setting-up of the
some parameter(s) such as wavelength. This practice may be
Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique
used for applications that would be qualitative and properly
for Detection, Location and Sizing of Flaws, British
addressed as examinations as well as quantitative and more
5
Standards Institute, 1993
properly addressed as tests.
6
Code Case 2235ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions—Related terminology is defined in Termi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
nology E1316.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.1 B-scan display—a sectional view of the plotted in-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
spection data formed by the stacking of A-scans. (Some users
refer to stacked A-scans from non-parallel scans as D-scans
2. Referenced Documents
and reserve those used with parallel scans as B-scans.)
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.2 back-wall echo—a specular reflection from the back-
E164Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments
wall of the component being examined (usually assumed to be
E543Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
a plate).
Testing
3.2.3 lateral wave—a compression wave that travels by the
E1065Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
most direct route from the transmitting probe to the receiving
Search Units
probe in a TOFD configuration.
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1324GuideforMeasuringSomeElectronicCharacteristics
3.2.4 parallel scan—a scan whereby the probe pair motion
of Ultrasonic Testing Instruments
is parallel to the ultrasonic beam axis.Also called a B-scan by
some users.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
3
structive Testingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
Ultrasonic Method. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2009.PublishedJuly2009.Originallyapproved Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E2373-04. DOI: 10.1520/ WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
E2373-09.
2 5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or AvailablefromBSIManagementSystems,12110SunsetHillsRoad,Suite140,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Reston VA 20190.
6
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME
the ASTM website. International, 22 Law Drive, Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E2373 − 09
3.2.5 PCS—abbreviationforprobecenterspacing.Refersto 5.6 Timing of Examination—The timing of examination
the distance between the marked exit points of a pair ofTOFD shall be in accordance with 6.3 unless otherwise specified.
probes for a specific application.
5.7 E
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2373–04 Designation: E 2373 – 09
Standard Practice for
Use of the Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD)
1
Technique
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2373; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice establishes the requirements for developing ultrasonic examination procedures using the ultrasonic technique
known as Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD).
1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information.
1.3Consistent1.2 ConsistentwithASTMPolicy,TOFDmayberegardedasanultrasonictestmethodwherebythequalitiesand
characteristics of the item tested are evaluated, measured and in some cases identified. Measurements may be subject to precision
and bias that may be determined statistically or as a function of some parameter(s) such as wavelength.This practice may be used
for applications that would be qualitative and properly addressed as examinations as well as quantitative and more properly
addressed as tests.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E164 Practice for Ultrasonic Contact Examination of Weldments Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1324 Guide for Measuring Some Electronic Characteristics of Ultrasonic Examination Instruments
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE07onNondestructiveTestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE07.06onUltrasonicMethod.
Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E2373-04.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2373–09
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2.2 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
4
2.3 Aerospace Industries Association Document:
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.4 Other Documents:
BS 7706 (1993) Guide to Calibration and Setting-up of the Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique for
5
Detection, Location and Sizing of Flaws, British Standards Institute, 1993
6
Code Case 2235 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Related terminology is defined in Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 B-scan display—a sectional view of the plotted inspection data formed by the stacking ofA-scans. (Some users refer to
stacked A-scans from non-parallel scans as D-scans and reserve those used with parallel scans as B-scans.)
3.2.2 back-wall echo—a specular reflection from the back-wall of the component being examined (usually assumed to be a
plate).
3.2.3 lateral wave—acompressionwavethattravelsbythemostdirectroutefromthetransmittingprobetothereceivingprobe
in a TOFD configuration.
3.2.4 parallel scan—ascanwherebytheprobepairmotionisparalleltotheultrasonicbeamaxis.AlsocalledaB-scanbysome
users.
3.2.5 PCS—abbreviation for probe center spacing. Refers to the distance between the marked exit points of a pair of TOFD
probes for a specific application.
3.2.6 non-parallel or longitudinal scan—a scan whereby the probe pair motion is perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam axis.
3.2.7 RF waveforms—the non-rectified A-s
...
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