ASTM D6117-97(2005)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners In Plastic Lumber and Shapes
Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners In Plastic Lumber and Shapes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The resistance of plastic lumber and shapes to direct withdrawal of nails, staples, or screws is a measure of its ability to hold or be held to an adjoining object by means of such fasteners. Factors that affect this withdrawal resistance include the physical and mechanical properties of the plastic lumber and shapes; the size, shape, and surface condition of the fasteners; the speed of withdrawal; physical changes to plastic lumber and shapes or fasteners between time of driving and time of withdrawal; orientation of fiber axis; the occurrence and nature of prebored lead holes; and the temperatures during insertion and withdrawal. These factors will be as circumstances dictate, and representative of the normal manufacturing process.
By using a standard size and type of nail, staple, or screw, withdrawal resistance of plastic lumber and shapes can be determined. Throughout the method this is referred to as the basic withdrawal test. Similarly, comparative performances of different sizes or types of nail, staple, or screw can be determined by using a standard procedure with a particular plastic lumber and shape, which eliminates the plastic lumber and shapes product as a variable. Since differences in test methods can have considerable influence on results, it is important that a standard procedure be specified and adhered to, if test values are to be related to other test results.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of fastener use with "as manufactured" plastic lumber and shapes through the use of two different testing procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionsTest Method A-Nail, Staple, or Screw Withdrawal Test4 to 13Test Method B-Lateral Nail, Staple, or Screw Resistance Test14 to 22
1.3 Plastic lumber and plastic shapes are currently made predominately from recycled plastics. However, these test methods would also be applicable to similar manufactured plastic products made from virgin resins where the product is non-homogeneous in the cross-section.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in brackets are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1
There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
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Designation:D6117–97 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Methods for
Mechanical Fasteners in Plastic Lumber and Shapes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The use of plastic lumber and shapes often involves the use of mechanical fasteners, such as nails,
screws, bolts, lag screws, and connectors. Data on the strength and performance of such fasteners are
frequently needed for design and for comparative purposes. Presented herewith are methods of
conducting tests for nail, staple and screw withdrawal resistance and lateral load transmission by nail,
staple, screw, and bolt. The use of standard methods for these tests is recommended as a means of
obtaining comparable data and of eliminating variables in test results because of variation in testing
methods.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of fastener use 2.1 ASTM Standards:
with “as manufactured” plastic lumber and shapes through the D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
use of two different testing procedures. D1761 Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order: D5033 Guide for Development of ASTM Standards Relat-
ing to Recycling and Use of Recycled Plastics
Sections
Test MethodA—Nail, Staple, or Screw Withdrawal Test 4 to 13
D6111 Test Method for Bulk Density And Specific Gravity
Test Method B—Lateral Nail, Staple, or Screw Resistance Test 14 to 22
of Plastic Lumber and Shapes by Displacement
1.3 Plastic lumber and plastic shapes are currently made
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
predominately from recycled plastics. However, these test 2.2 ANSI Standards:
methods would also be applicable to similar manufactured
B18.61 American National Standard for Slotted and Head
plastic products made from virgin resins where the product is Wood Screws
non-homogeneous in the cross-section.
3. Terminology
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The SI units given in brackets are for information 3.1 Definitions:
only. 3.1.1 plastic lumber, n—a manufactured product composed
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the of more than 50 weight percent resin, and in which the product
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
generally is rectangular in cross-section and typically supplied
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- in board and dimensional lumber sizes, may be filled or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
unfilled, and may be composed of single or multiple resin
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. blends.
NOTE 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.20 on Plastic the ASTM website.
Products (Section D20.20.01). Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published January 2006. Originally on www.astm.org.
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D6117 - 97. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D6117-97R05. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
D6117–97 (2005)
3.1.2 plastic shape, n—manufactured product composed of important that a standard procedure be specified and adhered
more than 50 weight percent resin, and in which the product to, if test values are to be related to other test results.
generally is not rectangular in cross-section, may be filled or
unfilled, and may be composed of single or multiple resin 7. Apparatus
blends.
7.1 Testing Machine—Any suitable testing machine that is
3.1.3 resin, n—a solid or pseudosolid organic material often
capable of operation at a constant rate of motion of the
of high molecular weight, which exhibits a tendency to flow
movable head and has an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated in
when subjected to stress, usually has a softening or melting
accordance with Test Methods E4.
range, and usually fractures conchoidally. (See Terminology
7.2 Grips—A gripping device shaped to fit the base of the
D883.)
fastener head and of such a design as to allow accurate
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In a broad sense, the term is used to
clamping assembly that will hold the specimen to one platen of
designate any polymer that is basic material for plastics.
the machine is also required. A suitable test mechanism for
3.2 Additional definition of terms applying to these test
screw withdrawal is illustrated in Fig. 1.
methods appear in Terminology D883 and Guide D5033.
8. Test Nails, Staples, or Screws
TEST METHOD A—NAIL, STAPLE, OR SCREW
8.1 Nails:
WITHDRAWAL TEST
8.1.1 Nails used for basic withdrawal tests shall be
4. Scope
diamond-point round-wire, low-carbon-steel nails nominally
0.148 in. [3.76 mm] in diameter and 3 in. [76 mm] in length
4.1 This test method provides a basic procedure for evalu-
(See Note 2). Use each nail only once.
ating the resistance or plastic lumber and shapes materials to
direct withdrawal of nails, staples, and screws. Spikes are
NOTE 2—A 10d galvanized common steel wire nail meets this require-
included as nails in this test method.
ment.
4.2 This test method also provides a basis for determining
8.1.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes or
comparable performance of different types and sizes of nails,
types of nails in plastic lumber and shapes, the respective sizes
staples, and screws in direct withdrawal from plastic lumber
and types of nail will be as circumstances dictate. These nails
and shapes.
shall be representative of the normal manufacturing process,
and special cleaning of the shank shall normally not be
5. Summary of Test Method
undertaken.
5.1 Specimens consist of “as manufactured” plastic lumber
8.2 Staples:
and shapes, with nails, staples, or screws driven at right angles
8.2.1 Staples used for basic leg withdrawal resistance shall
to one or more faces. The fasteners are withdrawn at a uniform
be nominally 2.0-in. [51-mm] long, ⁄16-in. [11-mm] crown, 15
rate of speed by means of a testing machine, and the maximum
gage (0.072-in. [1.83-mm]) galvanized steel staples. Use each
load is recorded. Supplementary physical properties of the
staple only once.
plastic lumber and shapes are also determined.
8.2.2 For determining holding ability of different types or
sizes of staples in plastic lumber and shapes, the respective
6. Significance and Use
staples shall be representative of the normal manufacturing
6.1 The resistance of plastic lumber and shapes to direct
process, and special cleaning of the legs shall not normally be
withdrawalofnails,staples,orscrewsisameasureofitsability
undertaken.
to hold or be held to an adjoining object by means of such
8.3 Screws:
fasteners. Factors that affect this withdrawal resistance include
8.3.1 Screws used for basic withdrawal tests shall be nomi-
the physical and mechanical properties of the plastic lumber
nally 1-in. [25-mm] No. 10–gage flathead low-carbon-steel
and shapes; the size, shape, and surface condition of the
wood screws as described in ANSI B18.61. Use each screw
fasteners; the speed of withdrawal; physical changes to plastic
only once.
lumber and shapes or fasteners between time of driving and
8.3.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes and
time of withdrawal; orientation of fiber axis; the occurrence
types of screws in plastic lumber and shapes, the respective
and nature of prebored lead holes; and the temperatures during
size and types of screw will be as circumstances dictate. These
insertion and withdrawal. These factors will be as circum-
screws shall be representative of the normal manufacturing
stancesdictate,andrepresentativeofthenormalmanufacturing
process.
process.
6.2 By using a standard size and type of nail, staple, or
9. Sampling
screw, withdrawal resistance of plastic lumber and shapes can
be determined.Throughout the method this is referred to as the 9.1 Sampling should provide for selection of representative
basic withdrawal test. Similarly, comparative performances of test materials on an objective and unbiased basis, covering an
different sizes or types of nail, staple, or screw can be appropriate range in density and properties as circumstances
suggest.
determined by using a standard procedure with a particular
plastic lumber and shape, which eliminates the plastic lumber 9.2 The tests should be sufficiently extensive to provide
and shapes product as a variable. Since differences in test reliable results. Where analysis by statistical procedures is
methods can have considerable influence on results, it is contemplated, experience and sometimes advance estimates
D6117–97 (2005)
FIG. 1 Diagram of Assembly for Screw Withdrawal Test
can be used to establish the scope of testing and type of hammer. Insert staples with an appropriate tool, as nearly as
sampling needed to achieve the expected reliability. possible perpendicular to the specimen surface, with the staple
crown at a 45° (610°) angle to the axial dimension of the
NOTE 3—The precision required, and thus the manner of sampling and
specimen.
number of tests, will depend upon specific objectives. No specific criteria
therefore can be established. General experience indicates that the 10.1.2 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic shapes, the
coefficient of variation from tests of fasteners ranges from about 15 to
test specimen shall be a single thickness of the “as manufac-
30 %.Whensuchisthecase,precisionof5to10 %,with95 %confidence
tured” product. Drive nails of the type outlined in 8.1.1 though
(an often accepted general measure of reliability for testing of wood
the specimen at right angles to the face, permitting at least ⁄2
products) cannot be achieved without making a rather large number of
in. [13 mm] of the shank portion to remain above the surface.
tests. The present recommendation is to make at least ten replications for
Drivenailsmanuallybymeansofahammer.Insertstapleswith
each variable as a minimum requirement.
an appropriate tool as in 10.1.1, with the staple crown oriented
10. Test Specimen
at a 45° (610°) angle to the axial dimension of the specimen.
10.1 Nail and Staple Withdrawal 10.1.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-
10.1.1 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic lumber, cut lar sizes and shapes of nails or staples in plastic lumber and
the test specimens to length from the “as manufactured” shapes, the specimen shall be of convenient size to accommo-
profile. Drive nails of the type outlined in 8.1.1 and staples of date the quantity of fasteners to be tested in each specimen,
the type outlined in 8.2.1 at right angles to the face of the without exceeding the edge and end distances and spacing
specimen to a minimum total penetration of 1 ⁄4 in. [32 mm]. necessarytoavoidsplitting.Inplasticlumberandshapes,drive
With the specimen oriented in a flatwise (plank) position, drive fasteners to 70 % of their length; in plastic lumber and shapes
two fasteners into the top face (width), two into the side face less than 1-in. [25-mm] thick, drive them completely through
(height), and one into each end. End and edge distances shall the thickness with at least ⁄2 in. [13 mm] of the shank portion
be sufficient to avoid splitting. In general, edge distances remaining above the surface. Drive the fasteners by the method
should not be less than 1 ⁄2 in. [38 mm] and two fasteners shall intended to be used in practice, that is, either manually with a
not be driven in line with each other or less than 2 in. [50 mm] hammer, or with an applicator or appropriate tool if this is the
apart on the top and side faces. Drive nails manually with a normal method.
D6117–97 (2005)
10.1.3.1 If the withdrawal resistance may be influenced by means of a tensile force applied at a uniform rate of with-
the material in which the fastener is to be driven, drive the drawal. Attach the specimen to one platen of the testing
fastener through the fastened member (cleat) into the base machine. Attach the fastener head to a suitably designed grip
fastening member. that is fastened to the other platen through a universal joint.
10.2 Screw Withdrawal: Apply the load by separation of the platens of the testing
10.2.1 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic lumber, cut machine at a uniform rate of withdrawal. Read the maximum
the test specimens to length from the “as manufactured” load required to withdraw the fastener from the plastic lumber
profile. With the specimen oriented in a flatwise (plank) and shape to three significant figures. Disregard test values
position, thread two screws of the type outlined in 8.3.1 into resulting from any failure of the fastener in the evaluation of
lead holes at right angles to the top face (width), two into the the performance of the plastic lumber and shapes materials but
side face (height), and one into each end, each to a total report them; consider such failures in the evaluation of the
penetrationequaltothelengthofthethreadedportion.Endand performance of different types and sizes of fasteners. In such
edge distance shall be sufficient to avoid splitting. that in cases, an additional replication is desirable.
3 1
general will be at least ⁄4 in. [19 mm] from the edge and 1 ⁄2 12.2.2 Wherethespecimenconsistsofabasepiecetowhich
in. [38 mm] from the end, and spacing will be at least 2 ⁄2 in.
one or more cleats have been fastened thereto with a fastener,
[63 mm] apart on the top and side faces.
two test procedures are possible. The fastened member (cleat)
10.2.2 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic shapes, the
can be grasped and pushed or pulled away for the base
test specimen shall be a single thickness of the “as manufac-
fastening member in the axial direction of the fastener,
tured” product. The depth of the specimen shall be at least whereby the fastener head exerts a force on the fastened
equal to the length of the screw. T
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