ASTM D6336-98
(Practice)Standard Practice for Evaluation of Vehicles for Pigment Wetting Using a Vacuum Modified Sigma Blade Mixer
Standard Practice for Evaluation of Vehicles for Pigment Wetting Using a Vacuum Modified Sigma Blade Mixer
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the evaluations of vehicles for pigment dispersion using a vacuum modified sigma blade mixer, or vacuum flusher.
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Designation: D 6336 – 98
Practice for
Evaluation of Vehicles for Pigment Wetting Using a Vacuum
Modified Sigma Blade Mixer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6336; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 additives—various materials that are used in relatively
small quantities to condition the pigment or vehicle.
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the evaluations of
3.1.2 break—the action that takes place when water is
vehicles for pigment dispersion using a vacuum modified
separated from the pigment in a presscake.
sigma blade mixer, or vacuum flusher.
3.1.3 flushed color—a color base in paste form prepared by
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
flushing.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.4 flusher—a mixing device that has two sigma shaped
only.
agitator blades parallel to each other, turning in opposing
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
directions at different speeds.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The mixing action of a flusher is that of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
kneading.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.5 flushing—a method of transferring pigments from
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
dispersions in water to dispersions in oil by the displacement of
2. Referenced Documents the water by oil.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The resulting dispersions of flushing
2.1 ASTM Standards:
are known as flushed colors.
D 280 Test Method for Hygroscopic Moisture (and Other
3.1.6 pigment—the fine solid particles of colorant used to
Matter Volatile Under the Test Conditions) in Pigments
give color to printing inks.
D 387 Test Method for Color and Strength of Color Pig-
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The pigment particles are substantially
ments with a Mechanical Muller
insoluble in the vehicle and in water.
D 1316 Test Method for Fineness of Grind of Printing Inks
3.1.7 presscake—a mixture of pigment and water formed
by the NPIRI Grindometer
into a cake by passing through a filter press under pressure.
D 2066 Test Method for Relative Tinting Strength of Paste
3.1.8 vacuum cycle—the time a flush is under vacuum to
Type Printing Dispersion
remove entrapped water.
D 2067 Test Method for Coarse Particles in Printing Ink
3.1.9 vehicle—the liquid portion of an ink that holds and
Dispersions
carries the pigment, provides workability and drying properties
D 4017 Test Method for Water in Paints and Paint Materials
and binds the pigment to the substrate after the ink has dried.
by Karl Fisher Method
D 4040 Test Method for Viscosity of Printing Inks and
4. Summary of Practice
Vehicles by the Falling Rod Viscometer
4.1 Vehicle, pigment presscake, and additives are added into
D 4361 Test Method for Apparent Tack of Printing Inks and
a sigma blade mixer and mixed until the water is displaced
Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter
from the pigment presscake.
3. Terminology
4.2 Step 4.1 is repeated two or three times until the capacity
of the flusher has been reached.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
4.3 The flusher is then sealed and a vacuum applied until the
dispersion (flush) is free of moisture.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and
NOTE 1—Lithol rubine pigment undergoes a color conversion when
Related Coating Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
essentially all water is removed.
Subcommittee D01.37 on Ink Vehicles.
Current edition approved October 10, 1998. Published December 1998.
4.4 Vehicle solvent and additives are added to adjust the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03.
strength, shade and body of the dispersion (flush) to that of a
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02. standard dispersion (flush).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 6336
5. Significance and Use 8.2.1.2 All presscake should be weighed before it is charged
to the flusher.
5.1 By following this practice it is possible to make repro-
8.2.2 Agitate for 2 to 5 min. If using a multispeed flusher,
ducible flushes when using the same raw materials. Therefore,
agitate at low speed for 1 to 2 min then at high speed for 2 to
if someone wishes to evaluate the effect a different raw
5 min.
material has on a flush, it is possible to evaluate this effect by
8.2.3 Add flushing additive(s) if required.
noting the change that occurs from a control flush to the
8.2.4 Add vehicle in small quantities until break occurs.
experimental flush. This change can be, but is not limited to;
Remember you can always put vehicle in but never take it out.
such things as strength after vacuum, grind, grit, gloss etc. This
Therefore, always work the vehicle into the presscake well
practice can be used by ink companies, pigment companies or
before adding more.
varnish companies. This practice is not meant to give absolute
8.2.5 When the flush mass begins to form (water is flushed
values but is meant to be used as a relative practice in which a
out) continue to mix until the water clears, then drain.
control flush is made using a standard formula and the
8.2.6 Run the flusher on high speed for 30 to 45 s and drain
experimental flush is compared to the control flush. This
again. Do this until no more water is flushed from the system.
practice is not meant to determine the absolute performance of
a formula in production. Again it can be used to give a relative
NOTE 5—First breaks generally use 45 to 55 % of the pigment and 55
idea of how a formula will perform in production when a
to 60 % of the vehicle. First breaks are usually soft so it is very important
to drain well. Also it is important that the mixer’s sides should be scraped
correlation has been established between laboratory flushing
down thoroughly during the first break and all subsequent breaks, to make
and production flushing.
sure all pigment and presscake are mixed in properly. Proper draining will
shorten the vacuum cycle.
6. Apparatus
8.3 Other Breaks:
6.1 Laboratory Sigma Blade Flusher, typically 1-L(1-qt) to
4-L(1-gal) capacity. 8.3.1 Charge the required amount of presscake and mix
thoroughly. No vehicle is to be added until the presscake
6.2 Vacuum Pump, capable of obtaining a vacuum in the
flusher of 69 cm (27 in.) to 76 cm (30 in.). charged has been mixed in well. The flush should have a dry
appearance before any vehicle is added.
6.3 Wide Blade Spatula, typically 5 by 10 cm (2 by 4 in.).
8.3.2 When the charged presscake has been thoroughly
6.4 Spatula, typically 2.5 by 7.5 cm (1 by 3 in.).
mixed, add the vehicle in small amounts until the break occurs.
6.5 Scale, capable of weighing up to 3 kg accurate to 1 g.
Use the minimum amount of vehicle to obtain the br
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