ASTM D7157-18
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (n-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (<emph type="ital">n</emph >-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method describes a sensitive method for estimating the intrinsic stability of an oil. The intrinsic stability is expressed as S-value. An oil with a low S-value is likely to undergo flocculation of asphaltenes when stressed (for example, extended heated storage) or blended with a range of other oils. Two oils each with a high S-value are likely to maintain asphaltenes in a peptized state and not lead to asphaltene flocculation when blended together.
5.2 This test method can be used by petroleum refiners to control and optimize the refinery processes and by blenders and marketers to assess the intrinsic stability of blended asphaltene-containing heavy fuel oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the intrinsic stability of the asphaltenes in an oil by an automatic instrument using an optical device.
1.2 This test method is applicable to residual products from thermal and hydrocracking processes, to products typical of Specifications D396 Grades No. 5L, 5H, and 6, and D2880 Grades No. 3-GT and 4-GT, and to crude oils, providing these products contain 0.5 % by mass or greater concentration of asphaltenes (see Test Method D6560).
1.3 This test method quantifies asphaltene stability in terms of state of peptization of the asphaltenes (S-value), intrinsic stability of the oily medium (So) and the solvency requirements of the peptized asphaltenes (Sa).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D7157 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing
Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (n-Heptane
1
Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
intrinsic stability of the asphaltenes in an oil by an automatic
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
instrument using an optical device.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
1.2 This test method is applicable to residual products from
Petroleum Products
thermal and hydrocracking processes, to products typical of
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
Specifications D396 Grades No. 5L, 5H, and 6, and D2880
Fuels, and Lubricants
Grades No. 3-GT and 4-GT, and to crude oils, providing these
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
products contain 0.5 % by mass or greater concentration of
Petroleum Products
asphaltenes (see Test Method D6560).
D4870 Test Method for Determination of Total Sediment in
Residual Fuels
1.3 This test method quantifies asphaltene stability in terms
D6560 Test Method for Determination ofAsphaltenes (Hep-
of state of peptization of the asphaltenes (S-value), intrinsic
tane Insolubles) in Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Prod-
stabilityoftheoilymedium(So)andthesolvencyrequirements
ucts
of the peptized asphaltenes (Sa).
D6792 Practice for Quality Management Systems in Petro-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
leum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants Testing
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Laboratories
standard.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 For definitions of some terms used in this test method,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
refer to Terminology D4175.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.2 asphaltenes, n—(rarely used in the singular), in petro-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
leum technology, represent an oil fraction that is soluble in a
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
specified aromatic solvent but separates upon addition of an
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
excess of a specified paraffinic solvent.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, the aromatic sol-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
vent is toluene and the paraffinic solvent is n-heptane.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 3.1.3 compatibility, n—of crude oils or of heavy fuel oils,
the ability of two or more crude oils or fuel oils to blend
together within certain concentration ranges without evidence
of separation, such as the formation of multiple phases.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
2
mittee D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published February 2019. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D7157 – 12 (2018). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7157-18. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7157 − 18
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Incompatible heavy fuel oils or crude aromaticsolventtothearomaticplusparaffinicsolventmixture
oils, when mixed or blended, result in the flocculation or having the same peptizing power as the oil.
precipitation of asphaltenes. Some oils may be compatible
3.2.5 solvent aromaticity, n—of a binary mixture of a
within certain concentration ranges in specific mixtures, but
paraffınic and an aromatic solvent, the solvency power of the
incompatible outside those ranges.
binary mixture.
3.1.4 flocculation, n—of
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7157 − 12 (Reapproved 2018) D7157 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing
Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (n-Heptane
1
Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the intrinsic stability of the asphaltenes in an oil by an automatic
instrument using an optical device.
1.2 This test method is applicable to residual products from thermal and hydrocracking processes, to products typical of
Specifications D396 Grades No. 5L, 5H, and 6, and D2880 Grades No. 3-GT and 4-GT, and to crude oils, providing these products
contain 0.5 % by mass or greater concentration of asphaltenes (see Test Method D6560).
1.3 This test method quantifies asphaltene stability in terms of state of peptization of the asphaltenes (S-value), intrinsic stability
of the oily medium (So) and the solvency requirements of the peptized asphaltenes (Sa).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4870 Test Method for Determination of Total Sediment in Residual Fuels
D6560 Test Method for Determination of Asphaltenes (Heptane Insolubles) in Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6792 Practice for Quality Management Systems in Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of some terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.1.2 asphaltenes, n—(rarely used in the singular), in petroleum technology, represent an oil fraction that is soluble in a specified
aromatic solvent but separates upon addition of an excess of a specified paraffinic solvent.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14
on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved June 1, 2018Dec. 1, 2018. Published June 2018February 2019. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20122018 as
D7157 – 12.D7157 – 12 (2018). DOI: 10.1520/D7157-12R18.10.1520/D7157-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7157 − 18
In this test method, the aromatic solvent is toluene and the paraffinic solvent is n-heptane.
3.1.3 compatibility, n—of crude oils or of heavy fuel oils, the ability of two or more crude oils or fuel oils to blend together
within certain concentration ranges without evidence of separation, such as the formation of multiple phases.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Incompatible heavy fuel oils or crude oils, when mixed or blended, result in the flocculation or precipitation of asphaltenes. Some
oils may be comp
...
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