ASTM D4849-02B(2007)e2
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developed by Committee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.
1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.58 has jurisdictional responsibility for every item in this standard. The standards in which the terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the definition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without the approval of 13.58 subcommittee. Any changes approved by the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes or additions to Terminology D123.
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the terms under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58. Other terminology standards under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D4849 − 02b(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Terminology Related to
Yarns and Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—This terminology was udpated editorially with terms from Subcommittee D13.58 standards in September 2011.
ε NOTE—This terminology was udpated editorially with terms from D2258 in May 2012.
1. Scope D1422Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the
Untwist-Retwist Method
1.1 Thisstandardisacompilationofterminologydeveloped
D1423Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
by Committee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
D1425TestMethodforUnevennessofTextileStrandsUsing
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to
Capacitance Testing Equipment
fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are
D1577Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
generally understood or adequately defined in other readily
D1578Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein
available sources are not included.
Form
1.1.2 SubcommitteeD13.58hasjurisdictionalresponsibility
D1907Test Method for Linear Density ofYarn (Yarn Num-
for every item in this standard. The standards in which the
ber) by the Skein Method
terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the
D2102Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Bundle
definition.The wording of an entry cannot be changed without
Test)
theapprovalof13.58subcommittee.Anychangesapprovedby
D2255Test Method for Grading SpunYarns forAppearance
the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to
subcommittee D13.92 onTerminology for subsequent changes D2258Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
or additions to Terminology D123. D2259Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the D2260Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn
terms under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58. Other Numbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems
terminology standards under the jurisdiction of subcommittee
D2402Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers
D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848. (Centrifuge Procedure)
D2612Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sliver and Top
2. Referenced Documents
(Static Tests)
D2494Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles D2645Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted
D861PracticeforUseoftheTexSystemtoDesignateLinear Systems
Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and Yarns D2644Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Woolen System
D204Test Methods for Sewing Threads
D3106Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elasto-
D1059Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short- meric Yarns
Length Specimens (Withdrawn 2010)
D3108TestMethodforCoefficientofFriction,YarntoSolid
D1244Practice for Designation of Yarn Construction
Material
D3128Specification for 2-Methoxyethanol
D3217TestMethodsforBreakingTenacityofManufactured
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot Configurations
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
D3218Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
Current edition approved July 1, 2007 Published August 2007 Originally
approved in 1988. Discontinued June 1992 and reinstated as D4849–02. Last
D3333Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
e1
previous edition approved in 2002 as D4849–02b . DOI: 10.1520/D4849-
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
02BR07E02.
D3334Test Method for Fabrics Woven from Polyolefin
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Monofilaments (Withdrawn 1989)
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D3412Test Method for Coefficient of Friction,Yarn toYarn
the ASTM website.
D3513Test Method for Overlength Fiber Content of Manu-
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. factured Staple Fiber
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4849 − 02b (2007)
D3693Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of beam, n—in textiles, a large spool containing many ends of
Sewing Thread yarn wound parallel, and used for such purposes as weaving
or warp knitting. D2258
D3822Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile
Fibers
beam set, n—in textiles,oneormorebeamsofyarninasingle
D3823PracticeforDeterminingTicketNumbersforSewing
shipment to be further processed together for a specific end
Threads
use. D2258
D3888Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
bench marks, n—marks placed on a specimen to define gage
D3937Test Method for Crimp Frequency of Manufactured
length, that is, the portion of the specimen that will be
Staple Fibers
evaluated in a specific test. D76
D3990Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
D4031Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
boundary friction, n—friction at low sliding speeds (0.02
D4120Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver,
m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-film
and Top in Dynamic Tests
lubricant conditions. D3412
D4238Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of Textiles
3 broken filament, n—in multifilament yarn, breaks in one or
(Withdrawn 1996)
more filaments. D3990
D4466Terminology Related to Multicomponent Textile Fi-
bers
bulk sample, n—in the sampling of bulk material,oneormore
D4724Test Method for Entanglements in Untwisted Fila- portions which (1) are taken from material that does not
ment Yarns by Needle Insertion consist of separately identifiable units and (2) can be
identified after sampling as separate or composited units.
D4848Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
Related Properties of Textiles D2258
D4849Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
bulk shrinkage, n—a measure of potential stretch and power
D4911Tolerances for Yarns Made of Man-Made Fibers and
of stretch yarns or a measure of bulk of textured-set yarns.
Spun on the Parrallel Worsted or Modified Worsted
D4031
System (Withdrawn 2000)
bunch, n—a defect in a yarn characterized by a segment not
D5103Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
over6mm( ⁄4in.)inlengththatshowsanabruptincreasein
Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
diameter caused by more fibers matted in this particular
D5104Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Single-
place. (See slug, slub.) D2255
Fiber Test)
D5332Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-
cable twist, n—theconstructionofcabledyarn,cord,orropein
tion of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2006)
whicheachsuccessivetwistisintheoppositedirectiontothe
D5344Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-
preceding twist; an S/Z/S or Z/S/Z construction. D1423
ented Yarn
calibrate, v—todetermineandrecordtherelationshipbetween
D5647Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the
a set of standard units of measure and the output of an
Photo-Electric Apparatus
instrument or test procedure.
D6197Test Method for Classifying and Counting Faults in
DISCUSSION—This term is also commonly used to describe the
Spun Yarns in Electronic Tests
checkingofpreviouslymarkedinstruments,anoperationmoreproperly
D6587Test Method for Yarn Number Using Automatic
described as a description of verification. D76
Tester
capacity, n—for tensile testing machines, the maximum force
D6612Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number
for which the machine is designed.
Variability Using Automated Tester
DISCUSSION—Capacityisthemaximumforcethetester-frameandthe
D6774Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties for
drive system can exercise on the specimen without inadmissible
Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester
deformations of the tester-frame, etc. Within its capacity, there are
available load-cells with different full-scale ranges which may be
3. Terminology
chosen to select an appropriate full-scale range for a special test. D76
3.1 Alphabetical listings of terms with subcommittee 13.58
case, n—in textiles,ashippingunit,usuallyacarton,box,bale,
jurisdiction and attribution for each term.
or other container holding a number of yarn packages.
D2258
American grain count, n—adirectyarnnumberingsystemfor
clamp, n—that part of a testing machine used to grip the
expressinglineardensity,equaltothemassingrainsper120
specimen by means of suitable jaws. D76
yards of sliver or roving. D2260
cockles, n—in yarns, irregular, thick, uneven lumps. D2255
bad/good test (%BGT), n—an index value which shows the
total spread, or greatest variation, for the test;
coefficient of friction, n—the ratio of the tangential force that
mathematically, the difference between the highest and
is needed to maintain uniform relative motion between two
lowest mass readings determined in the test, expressed as a
contacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding them
percentage of the average mass. D6612 in contact. D3108, D3412
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D4849 − 02b (2007)
coefficient of variation unevenness, n—in textiles, the stan- the force is uniform with time after the first 3 s and the
dard deviation of the linear densities over which unevenness specimen is free to elongate, this elongation dependent on
is measured expressed as a percentage of the average linear the extension characteristics of the specimen at any applied
density for the total length within which unevenness is force. D76
measured. (See also unevenness and mean deviation
constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine (CR), n—a
unevenness.) D1425
testing machine in which the pulling clamp moves at a
uniformrateandtheforceisappliedthroughtheotherclamp
cohesive force, n—in a textile strand, the force required to
which moves appreciably to actuate a force-measuring
overcome fiber cohesion as the strand is being reduced in
mechanism, producing a rate of increase of force or exten-
linear density.
sion that is usually not constant and is dependent upon the
DISCUSSION—Indynamictests,cohesiveforceistheforcerequiredto
maintain drafting in a roving, silver, or top. In static tests, cohesive extension characteristics of the specimen. D76
force is measured while a test specimen is held in a fixed position
container, n—a receptacle designed to hold a material, or to
between two slowly separating clamps. D2612, D4120
give integrity to the material.
colorfastness, n—the resistance of a material to change in any DISCUSSION—The term container in textiles may include bales,
cartons and other shipping containers. D3333
of its color characteristics, to transfer its colorant(s) to
adjacent materials, or both, as the result of exposure of the
coefficient of variation (CV), n—a measure of the dispersion
material to any real or simulated environment that might be
of observed values equal to the standard deviation for the
encountered during processing, storage, use or testing of the
values divided by the average of the values; may be
material. D204
expressed as a percentage of the average (%CV). D6612
commercial allowance, n—an arbitrary value equal to the
core-spun yarn, n—a compound structure in which a filament
commercial moisture regain plus a specified allowance for
or strand serves as an axis around which a cover of either
finish, used with the mass of scoured, oven-dried yarn, to
loose fiber or a yarn is wound.
compute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or legal
DISCUSSION—(1) General—in yarn testing, when the core and cover
in this type of compound structure need to be separated, for testing of
mass of a shipment or delivery of any specific textile
either component, the methods used should not compromise the
material (see also commercial moisture regain) or (3) the
physical properties of the component to be evaluated: and (2)
mass of a specific component in the analysis of fiber blends
Specific—as a sewing thread, the means by which this compound
D1907, D2494
structure is made will not allow the core and cover to be readily
separated without compromising the physical attributes of each com-
commercial mass, n—billed mass as determined by a gener-
ponent. Hence, the sewing thread should be evaluated as a compound
ally accepted method or as agreed upon between the pur-
structure. D204
chaser and supplier.
DISCUSSION—The basis for determining the commercial mass of a cotton count, n—an indirect yarn numbering system generally
shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is generally one of the
used in the cotton system equal to the number of 840-yd
following: (1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scoured
lengths of yarn per pound. D1059, D2260, D6587, D6612
material)—themassofoven-dryfiberoryarnafterscouringbydefinite
prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial cotton system, n—aspinningsystemadaptedtofiberslessthan
allowance, (2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scoured
65 mm (2.5 in.) in length.
material)—themassofoven-dryfiberoryarnafterscouringbydefinite
DISCUSSION—Thissystemusuallyemploysflat-topcardsandmayuse
prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial
roll and other drafting assemblies on intermediate processes and
moisture regain. (3) CMRU Basis (commercial regain with unscoured
spinning machines. D2645
material)—the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or yarn plus the mass
cover, n—in yarns, the outside layer of fibers that form the
corresponding to its commercial regain. (4) UN Basis (unadjusted
net)—the mass of the unscoured fiber or yarn with no adjustment for surface of a yarn. D2255
the amount of moisture or finish, or both. D2494
covered yarn, n—a compound structure which contains dis-
tinguishable inner and outer fibrous elements which can be
component, n—as used with textile fiber polymers, a polymer
different. D204
with distinguishable properties. [D13.58] D4466
CRE—abbreviation for constant-rate-of-extension. D76
cone, n—in textiles, (1) a yarn holder or bobbin of conical
shapeusedasacoreforayarnpackageofconicalform,also
crimp, n—in a textile strand, the undulations, waviness, or
called a cone core. (2) the yarn package obtained when yarn
succession of bend, curls, or waves in the strand induced
is wound upon a cone core. D2258
either naturally, mechanically, or chemically.
DISCUSSION—Crimp has many characteristics, among which are its
constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine
amplitude, frequency, in
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