ASTM E856-83(1998)
(Terminology)Standard Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived Fuel
Standard Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived Fuel
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Designation: E 856 – 83 (Reapproved 1998)
Standard Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived
Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
accuracy—generally, a term used to indicate the reliability of kilogram (kJ/kg), British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb), or
a measurement, or an observation. Specifically, a measure of calories per gram (cal/g) (obsolete).
closeness of agreement between a test result and a recog- combustible—that portion of the refuse-derived fuel sample
nized standard value. For example, the difference between which is consumed upon ignition exclusive of the moisture
the observed and a standard value for the sulfur content of a present in the sample.
sample of refuse-derived fuel. This difference includes both d-RDF—abbreviation for densified refuse-derived fuel.
random and systematic errors. dry, ash-free—the test data calculated to a theoretical base of
air-drying—a process of partial drying of refuse-derived fuel no moisture or ash associated with the sample.
(RDF) to bring its moisture content near to equilibrium with dry basis—the test data calculated to a theoretical base of no
the atmosphere in which further reduction, division, and moisture associated with the sample.
characterization of the sample are to take place. In order to duplicate analysis—paired determinations on the same
bring about this equilibrium, the RDF is usually subjected to sample performed by one analyst at essentially the same
drying under controlled temperature conditions ranging from time.
30 to 40°C. gross calorific value—the energy released by combustion of a
air-dry loss—the decrease in sample mass due to air-drying. unit quantity of refuse-derived fuel at constant volume or
This decrease is presumed to be moisture. constant pressure in a suitable calorimeter under specified
analysis sample—final subsample prepared from the air-dried conditions such that all water in the products is in the liquid
laboratory sample but reduced by passing through a mill form. This is the measure of calorific value predominantly
with a 0.5-mm (0.02-in.) size or smaller final screen. used in the United States. Synonym: higher heating value.
as-determined basis—analytical data obtained from the analy- gross sample—a sample representing one lot, normally com-
sis sample after conditioning and preparation in accordance posed of a number of increments, on which neither reduction
with Method E 829. As-determined basis data represent the nor division has been performed.
numerical values obtained at the particular moisture and ash higher heating value (HHV)—a synonym for gross calorific
level in the sample at the time of analysis. value.
ash—the residue remaining after ignition of refuse-derived increment—a portion of the lot collected by one individual
fuel determined by definite prescribed methods. The ash may manual or mechanical sampling operation and normally
not be identical in composition or quantity with the inorganic combined with other increments from the lot to make a gross
substances present in the refuse-derived fuel before ignition. sample.
as-received basis—the test data calculated to the moisture laboratory sample—a representative portion of the gross
condition of the sample as it arrived in the laboratory and sample received by the laboratory for analysis.
before any laboratory processing or conditioning. lot—a designated quantity of refuse-derived fuel that can be
bias—a systematic error that is consistently negative or con- represented by a properly selected gross sample.
sistently positive. The mean of errors resulting from a series lower heating value (LHV)—a synonym for net calorific
of observations which does not tend toward zero. value.
calorific value—the energy of combustion of a unit quantity of milling—a reduction in particle size of refuse-derived fuel by
refuse-derived fuel. It may be expressed in kilojoules per shearing, cutting, or grinding to a suitable particle size for
analysis and characterization (see sample reduction).
net calorific value—the energy released by combustion of a
unit quantity of refuse-derived fuel at constant volume or
These definitions are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
constant pressure in a suitable calorimeter under specified
Management and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treat-
conditions such that all water in the products remains in the
ment.
Current edition approved Oct. 26, 1983. Published December 1983. gaseous form. The net calorific value is the lower heating
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