ASTM D6652-01

Standard Test Method for Determining Fibrous Debris From Nonwoven Fabrics (Withdrawn 2008)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantifying of fibrous debris released and generated from fabrics.
1.2 This test method applies to all fabrics used as wiping materials for purposes, such as house-cleaning, cleaning, cleanrooms, spill clean-up or removal, industrial wipes, shop towels, polishing cloths, etc.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the quantifying of fibrous debris released and generated from fabrics.  
This test method is being withdrawn with no replacement because D13 no longer has the technical expertise to maintain.  
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in October 2008.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 09-Apr-2001
• Withdrawal Date: 30-Sep-2008
• ICS: 59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.90 - Executive

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6652–01
Standard Test Method for
Determining Fibrous Debris From Nonwoven Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6652; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope has been used to describe capacity in terms of volume per unit
mass. By way of example, if a fabric exhibited an intrinsic
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthequantifyingoffibrousdebris
capacity of 5 mL/g, that mass of fabric would hold 5 mL
released and generated from fabrics.
2 2
whether it was part of a 50 g/m or 200 g/m fabric. The
1.2 This test method applies to all fabrics used as wiping
extrinsic sorptive capacity would, however, be four (4) times
materials for purposes, such as house-cleaning, cleaning,
higher for the 200 g/m fabric than for the lighter weight
cleanrooms, spill clean-up or removal, industrial wipes, shop
material.
towels, polishing cloths, etc.
3.1.2 fibrous debris, n—in wiping fabrics, fibrous material
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
released from a fabric during actions such as wet cleaning,
are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,
polishing or wiping processes, under specified conditions.
the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values
3.1.3 sorption, n—in textile fabrics, a process in which
stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
liquid molecules are taken up either by absorption or adsorp-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
tion, or both.
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
3.1.4 sorptive capacity, n—in textile fabrics, the maximum
with the specification.
amount of liquid absorbed and adsorbed under specified
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
conditions.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.5 wiper, n—in textile fabrics, fabric swatches used for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
such actions as housekeeping, cleaning, polishing, spill
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
clean-up or removal.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method
2. Referenced Documents
refer to Terminology D 123.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
4.1 Releasable Fibrous Debris (F )—Aspecimen of known
D 6651 Test Method for Determining Rate of Sorption and o
dimensions is placed flat in a tray and gently sluiced with
Sorptive Capacity of Nonwoven Fabrics
water. The resulting suspension is filtered through a membrane
3. Terminology
filter, and the releasable fibrous debris counted using optical
microscopy.
3.1 Definitions:
4.2 Generated Fibrous Debris (F )—After the releasable
3.1.1 extrinsic sorptive capacity, n—in textile fabrics, the G
fibrous debris (F ) of a specimen has been determined, the
sorptive capacity of a fabric to a specified liquid on a o
same specimen (now devoid of readily releasable fibrous
per-unit-area basis under specified conditions.
debris) is placed in a jar and shaken for three minutes along
3.1.1.1 Discussion—While extrinsic sorptive capacity is
with a volume of water equal to twenty times the sorptive
expressed in terms of volume per unit area, intrinsic capacity
capacity of the ply being tested. The resulting suspension is
filtered through a membrane filter, and the generated fibrous
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
debris counted using optical microscopy.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.90 on Executive.
Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published July 2001.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6652–01
4.3 Simultaneously Determined Releasable Fibrous Debris used in the shaking, a volume is chosen so that it is related to
and Generated Fibrous Debris (F)—Releasable and generated an inherent property of the fabric—namely, its sorptive
capacity —rather than employing an arbitrary single volume
fibrous debris is determined by either of two procedures: (1)
for all fabric specimens. The terms “fibrous debris,” “fibers,”
releasable fibrous debris and generated fibrous debris are
and “fibrous entities” are used interchangeably throughout this
determined separately and the results added together, or (2) the
test method.
procedure described for determining generated fibrous debris
5.4 This test method is useful to select fabrics with mini-
only is used and the releasable fibrous debris and generated
mum release of fibrous debris during use. It can also be used to
fibrous debris are determined simultaneously.
research fabrics for improved resistance to fibrous debris
release and for production control.
5. Significance and Use
6. Apparatus and Materials
5.1 This test method can be used for acceptance testing of
commercial shipments, ut comparisons should be made with
6.1 Balance, top loading, with a sensitivity of at least 0.01
caution because information on estimates of between- g.
laboratory precision is limited as noted in the precision and 6.2 Photographic Tray, or equivalent, 300 mm 3 500 mm
3 60 mm (12 in. 3 20 in. 2.4 in.).
bias section of this test method.
6.3 Beaker, 2-L, (2-qt) capacity with 100 mL scale grada-
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
tions.
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
6.4 Jar, poly(ethylene), or equivalent, 4-L (1-gal) capacity;
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
height: 25 cm (10 in.); diameter: 15 cm (6 in.).
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
6.5 Shaker, having a frequency near 280 cycles/sec with
assistance.As a minimum, samples used for such comparative
amplitudes,respectively,of17mmand8mm,inthemajorand
tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the
minor axes of the plane of oscillation, such as Tyler Model
same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate
RX-86, or equivalent.
results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal
6.6 Graduated Cylinders, 10 mL, 25 mL and 500 mL.
numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established test
6.7 Filtration Apparatus, for filtering suspensions of par-
values may also be used for these comparative tests. The test
ticles for subsequent enumeration, such as Millipore kit XX71
results from the laboratories involved should be compared
047-11, or equivalent.
using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level
6.8 Membrane Filters, black, 47.0-mm diameter, 0.8-µm
chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its
pore size, 3.0-mm grid squares, 100 squares per filtered
cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must
membrane area.
be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
6.9 Microscope, capable of resolving and sizing entities in
5.2 This test method rests on the hypothesis that a quantity
range of interest, such as American Optical StereoZoom 7, or
of readily releasable fibrous debris (F [fibrous entities/m ]) is
equivalent.
o
already present on the fabric, and that this debris is, by 6.10 Water, at least distilled grade.
definition, easily removed therefrom merely by wetting the 6.11 Measuring Rule, metal, graduated in 1 mm (0.05 in.).
fabric with water and gently sluicing away the debris for 6.12 Die Cutter, or equivalent, for 229 mm by 229 mm, 6
subsequent enumeration. Generated fibrous debris (F [fibrous 1 mm (9.00 in. by 9.00 in., 6 0.05 in.) specimens.
g
6.13 Utility Knife.
entities/m ]) is material which was either not initially present
6.14 Stirring Rod.
on the fabric or else was held very tightly within the matrix of
6.15 Hand Lens, such as linen, pick, or magnifying glass
the specimen.
4,5
having about 83 magnification.
5.3 Just as with particles, there is no unique answer for
the quantity of fibrous debris that can be generated from such
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
materials: the outcome depends on the kind and amount of
7.1 Primary Sampling Unit—Consider rolls, bolts, or pre-
energy administered. Obviously, a multiplicity of reasonable
packaged pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling unit, as
conditions exist under which fabrics can be made to generate
applicable.
fibrous debris, as well as a multiplicity of conditions under
7.2 Laboratory Sampling Unit—As a laboratory sampling
which this debris can be collected and enumerated. In this test
unit, use the primary sampling unit, as a source of test
method, an arbitrary but not unreasonable set of conditions are
specimensandpreparethetestspecimensasdirectedin7.3and
used. Because the results depend upon the volume of water
7.4.
C. F. Mattina and J. M. Oathout, “Assessing Wiping Materials for their
C. F. Mattina and S. J. Paley, “Assessing Wiping Materials for their Potential Propensity to Generate Particles: Biaxial Shaking Versus the Construction of
to Contribute Particles to Clean Environments: A Novel Approach,” Particles in Characteristic Curves,” Proceedings, 40th Annual Meeting of the Institute of
Gases and Liquids 2: Detection, Characterization and Control, K. L. Mittal, Editor, Environmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, 1-6 May 1994, 20 (1994).
117-128, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York (1990). “Evaluating Wiping Materials Used in Cleanrooms and Other Controlled
C. F. Mattina and S. J. Paley, “Assessing Wiping Materials for their Potential Environments,” IES-RP- CC004.2, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 940 East
to Contribute Particles to Clean Environments: Constructing the Stress-Strain Northwest Highway, Mount Prospect, Illinois 60056, 1992.
Curves,” Journal of the IES, 34(5), 21-28 (1991). Apparatus and materials are commercially available.
D6652–01
7.2.1 For primary sampling units having narrow widths or 10.2.1 Iftheextrinsicsorptivecapacityofaparticularfabric
short lengths, use a sufficient number of pieces to prepare the is known, it is not necessary that extrinsic sorptive capacity be
test specimens described in 7.3 and 7.4. determined. Use known values, to meet the requirements of
10.4.2.
7.3 Test Specimen Size—From each laboratory sampling
10.2.2 Ifextrinsicsorptivecapacityisnotknown,determine
unit, prepare three square test swatches, 229 mm by 229 mm
it as directed in Test Method D 6651 as directed in Annex A1
(9.00 in. by 9.00 in.) from each laboratory sampling unit as
and use to meet the requirements 10.4.2.
directed in 7.4.
10.3 Releasable Fibrous Debris (F )—Determine releas-
7.3.1 Primary sampling units may consist of prepackaged O
able fibrous debris as follows:
wiping material that are nominally 229 mm by 229 mm (9.00
10.3.1 Place a single ply test specimen flat in the center of
in. by 9.00 in.) material squares. In those cases, use the entire
the plastic tray.
square as the test specimen.
10.3.2 Add approximately 500 mL of water to the tray so
7.3.2 If prepackaged wiping material squares are folded,
the specimen is completely covered.
unfold them.
10.3.2.1 The precise volume used is not critical and need
7.4 Test Specimen Preparation—Select test specimens as
not be known at this stage of the test.
follows:
10.3.3 Allow ample time (and/or use physical persuasion)
7.4.1 For Prepackaged Wipes, Nominal 229 by 229 mm
so that the specimen sorbs as much liquid as possible, usually
(9.00 in. by 9.00 in.)—Open the package. Randomly select
when no air bubbles are observed on the surface of the liquid.
three wipes for test specimens. Use the entire square as the test
10.3.4 After the specimen has sorbed water to its capacity,
specimen.
grasp the ends of the tray, lift it and alternating the tray ends in
7.4.2 For Rolls or Bolts of Fabric (Preferred)—Using a
a smooth up-and-down motion, gently sluice the water across
utility knife, cut a plug, approximately 300 by 300 mm (12 by
the specimen surface for 30 6 3 s.Avoid delivering extraneous
12 in.) and deep enough into the roll or bolt to provide the
mechanical stress to the test specimen.
necessary three fabric layers for test specimens. Using the die
10.3.5 Decant the water into the 2-L (2-qt) beaker and
cutter, or equivalent, cut through the entire plug thereby
reserve.
providing the specimens necessary to meet the requirements of
10.3.6 Using fresh water, repeat step 10.3.2-10.3.4 two
7.3 and 7.4. (See Note 1 and A1.1.1).
additional times.
7.4.2.1 Alternately, a full-width piece of fabric that is of
10.3.7 Measure and record the total volume (V ) of water
OTB
sufficient length along the machine direction can be taken from
in the beaker to the nearest 50 mL.
the primary sampling unit to prepare the three test specimens
10.3.8 Stir the suspension gently with a stirring rod, then
after removing a first1m(1yd) length. (See Note 1).
aliquot it immediately using a graduated cylinder capable of
NOTE 1—Handlespecimenswithcareandguardagainstcontamination, reading the volume aliquotted to three significant figures.
abrasion or disturbing fibers that could contribute to an error in the fibrous
Record the aliquotted volume as (V ). (See Notes 2 and 3).
OA
debris count.
10.3.9 Using the filtration apparatus, filter the aliquotted
suspension through the membrane filter.
7.4.3 Take no specimens closer than 25 mm (1.0 in.) from
the machine direction edge, except as noted in 7.3.1.
NOTE 2—Unless a particular fabric is exceptionally low in fibrous
7.4.4 Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or debris, it will always be necessary to aliquot the suspension of fibrous
debris for subsequent enumeration by optical microscopy. Because the
wrinkles.Avoid getting oil, grease, etc. on the specimens when
proper volume cannot be known, a priori, sometimes more than one
handling.
aliquot must be taken so as to deposit on the membrane filter a quantity of
fibrousdebrislargeenoughtogivesufficientstatisticalcertainty,butnotso
8. Conditioning
large (higher than 25 entities per grid square) that the obscuration of some
fibrous entities by others takes place. Fibrous debris of 5 to 25 entities for
8.1 No conditioning is required unless otherwise specified
each grid is recommended. Generally, the aliquotted volume will be
in a material specification or contract order.
between 10 mL and 200 mL.
NOTE 3—It is sometimes helpful to examine the membrane filter with a
9. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration
hand lens immediately after the filtr
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