ASTM F2651-08
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Soils and Turfgrass Terms of Natural Surfaces for Sports
Standard Terminology Relating to Soils and Turfgrass Terms of Natural Surfaces for Sports
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology defines soils and turfgrass related terms for use in the development of standards for sports and natural playing surfaces. This standard includes soils and related agronomic terms that pertain to natural surfaces used for sports and may include those surfaces supporting the growth of turfgrass or unvegetated (bare) playing surfaces that are constructed with natural materials.
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology standard are appropriate for use by sports field development professionals, owners and institutions, installers and contractors and other practitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces evaluations, test methods, specifications, maintenance and construction.
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Designation: F 2651 – 08
Standard Terminology Relating to
Soils and Turfgrass Terms of Natural Surfaces for Sports
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
Itmightalsoincludemethodstoinjectwaterorairintothesoiltocreate
1. Scope
channels, holes, or fissures or break up the soil structure, or a
1.1 This terminology defines soils and turfgrass related
combination thereof.
terms for use in the development of standards for sports and
coring, n—process in which a hollow spike (pipe) tine is
natural playing surfaces. This standard includes soils and
inserted more or less vertically into the soil using a mechani-
related agronomic terms that pertain to natural surfaces used
cal aerator machine.
for sports and may include those surfaces supporting the
growth of turfgrass or unvegetated (bare) playing surfaces that
DISCUSSION—Hollow tines are normally cylindrical and have a
are constructed with natural materials.
sidewall cutout which allows for the soil core to eject the previous soil
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology standard are core in a continuous process as the core is pushed into the soil.The end
result is that the turf surface is littered with soil cores having a plug of
appropriate for use by sports field development professionals,
turf attached to the one end. These cores can be removed or left to dry
owners and institutions, installers and contractors and other
andthenbrokenupusingsometypeofdrag.Asubsequentmowingmay
practitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces evalua-
also break up the cores but caution should be used to limit the hazard
tions, test methods, specifications, maintenance and construc-
from flying debris.
tion.
dethatching, n—mechanical process used to remove and
2. Terminology
reduce the amount of thatch in a turfgrass installation. This
could include a mechanical “verticutter,” power rake, spike
aeration, n—condition and sum of all processes affecting soil
drag, or even shallow-depth core cultivation. See also
pore-space gaseous composition, particularly with respect to
verticutting.
theamountandavailabilityofoxygenforusebysoilbiotaor
drilling, n—practice which combines principles of both spik-
soil chemical oxidation reactions, or both.
ing and coring. Instead of pushing a solid or hollow tine into
aeration, v—practice to mechanically restore a soil to a
the soil a specially modified drill bit is drilled into the soil to
condition where gas and water permeability rates are im-
create a hole and also to remove the soil from the rootzone
proved and bulk density is lowered (decompaction) by the
in the process.
useofdevices(spikes,cores,tines,air-jets,water-jets)which
penetrate into the soil profile. See also aerification, soil and
DISCUSSION—Drilling is sometimes used to eliminate the propensity
cultivation, turf. to create a somewhat compacted layer at the bottom of the tine
penetration depth or to reach greater soil profile depths than is typically
aerification, soil, n—mechanical process to relieve soil com-
possible with standard-tine aeration machines.
paction.Thistermisoftenusedsynonymouslywithaeration,
v (that is, mechanical aeration). See also aeration, v.
gravel, n—commonly used to denote spherical, cube-like, or
bulk density, n—mass of dry soil per unit bulk volume. The
equiaxial aggregate materials with an equivalent diameter >
–3
value is expressed as Mg per cubic metre (Mg m ) or gram
2.0 mm and < 7.6 mm. More correctly used, this classifica-
–3
per cubic centimetre (g cm ).
tion refers to “rock fragments” classed as pebbles in the
cultivation, turf, n—practice of disrupting the soil by me-
Glossary of Soil Science Terms (1997).
chanical means without turning or excessively disrupting the
grooving, n—see slicing.
sod.
matric potential (soil water potential, or pressure, head),
n—amount of work that must be done per unit of a specified
DISCUSSION—This may include such practices as spiking or solid-tine
quantity of pure water in order to transport reversibly and
aeration, coring or hollow-tine aeration, grooving or slicing, or drilling.
isothermally an infinitesimal quantity of water from a
specified source to a specified destination.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.80 on DISCUSSION—If the specified quantity is volume, the potential is
Common Terminology, Methods and Laboratory Practices.
referred to as pressure (Pa). If the specified quantity is weight, the
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 2651 – 08
potential is referred to as head (m). If the specified quantity is mass, the
soil textural class, n—texture designation based on relative
–1
potential is the term used (J kg ).
proportions of the various soil separates: sand (2.0 to 0.05
mm in diameter), silt (0.05 to 0.002 mm), and clay (< 0.002
particle density, n—density of the soil particles, the dry mass
mm).
of the particles being divided by the solid (not bulk) volume
spiking, n—process in which a solid spike (solid tine) is
of the particles, in contrast with bulk density. Units are Mg
–3 –3
inserted more or less vertically into the soil. Solid tines can
m orgcm .
include round bar stock, knives, or bayonets.
permeability, soil, n—property of a porous soil medium that
topdressing, soil, n—practice of applying a soil material (such
expresses the ease with which gases, liquids, or other
as sand, organic materials, or blends) to the existing soil
substances can flow through it.
surface in an even layer.
porosity, n—volume of pores in a soil sample (non-solid
volume) divided by the bulk volume of the sample.
DISCUSSION—This practice is often employed in conjunction with
punching, n—see s
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