ASTM F2651-08a
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Soils and Turfgrass Terms of Natural Surfaces for Sports
Standard Terminology Relating to Soils and Turfgrass Terms of Natural Surfaces for Sports
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology defines soils and turfgrass related terms for use in the development of standards for sports and natural playing surfaces. This standard includes soils and related agronomic terms that pertain to natural surfaces used for sports and may include those surfaces supporting the growth of turfgrass or unvegetated (bare) playing surfaces that are constructed with natural materials.
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology standard are appropriate for use by sports field development professionals, owners and institutions, installers and contractors and other practitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces evaluations, test methods, specifications, maintenance and construction.
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Designation:F 2651–08a
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Soils and Turfgrass Terms of Natural Surfaces for Sports
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
when used to describe soils or materials for rootzones. For example, a
1. Scope
90 % sand/10 % clay mixture could imply either 90 % sand/10 %
1.1 This terminology defines soils and turfgrass related
clayey soil (or other soils with textures containing enough clay (<0.002
terms for use in the development of standards for sports and
mm) to exhibit plasticity) or 90 % sand (2 to 0.05 mm)/10 % clay
natural playing surfaces. This standard includes soils and
(<0.002 mm).
related agronomic terms that pertain to natural surfaces used
clay, as a particular size fraction of a soil, n—soil separate
for sports and may include those surfaces supporting the
consisting of particles <0.002 mm (fine earth fraction) in
growth of turfgrass or unvegetated (bare) playing surfaces that
equivalent diameter.
are constructed with natural materials.
clay, as a textural class, n—soil material that contains 40 %
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology standard are
or more clay, <45 % sand, and <40 % silt.
appropriate for use by sports field development professionals,
clay, as a soil particle size class, n—soil material that
owners and institutions, installers and contractors and other
contains 35 % or more clay (clayey soils).
practitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces evalua-
clay, as a soil textural group, n—soil material that falls
tions, test methods, specifications, maintenance and construc-
within the textural classes of “sandy clay,” “silty clay,” and
tion.
“clay (clayey soils).”
clay, in terms of mineralogy, n—soil particulates that are
2. Terminology
commonly occurring but not restricted to the <0.002 mm
aeration, n—condition and sum of all processes affecting soil
fraction (clay minerals). Commonly occurring in soil min-
pore-space gaseous composition, particularly with respect to
eralogy classes as smectitic, kaolinitic, illitic (micaceous),
theamountandavailabilityofoxygenforusebysoilbiotaor
gibbsitic, ferritic, or mixed.
soil chemical oxidation reactions, or both.
DISCUSSION—Soil mineralogy classes are defined predominantly by
aeration, v—practice to mechanically restore a soil to a
the type of soil mineral dominating (40 % or more) the fine earth
condition where gas and water permeability rates are im-
fraction.
proved and bulk density is lowered (decompaction) by the
useofdevices(spikes,cores,tines,air-jets,water-jets)which
clay, in engineering terms, n—soils containing enough soil
penetrate into the soil profile. See also aerification, soil and material in the less than 0.4 mm fractions such that when
cultivation, turf.
moist they exhibit consistence characteristics of “moderately
aerification, soil, n—mechanical process to relieve soil com- plastic” or “very plastic” forming a roll 4 cm or longer and
paction.Thistermisoftenusedsynonymouslywithaeration,
4 mm or thinner that supports its own weight.
v (that is, mechanical aeration). See also aeration, v. coefficient of uniformity, CU , irrigation, n—measure of
Irr
bulk density, n—mass of dry soil per unit bulk volume. The
the efficiency of irrigation application (expressed as a
–3
value is expressed as Mg per cubic metre (Mg m ) or gram percent) which was originally described by J.E. Chris-
–3
per cubic centimetre (g cm ).
tiansen.
clay, n—can be defined in terms of a particular size fraction of
DISCUSSION—The original Christiansen’s CU was a computation
a soil, a soil textural class, a soil particle size class, a soil
which could be determined without statistical analysis. In more precise
textural group, soil mineralogy, or, in engineering terms, as
statistical terms, it can now be defined as the value obtained from
materials that exhibit plastic soil properties when at appro-
subtracting the statistical coefficient of variability (CV) value from 1
(or 100 when expressed as a percentage): CU =1–CV.
priate water contents.
Irr
DISCUSSION—Ideally, the term “clay” should be appropriately defined coefficient of uniformity, C (D), particle size, n—in describ-
u
ing granular materials, it is a measure of the particle size
1 range of the granules.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.80 on
DISCUSSION—Uniformity coefficients must be described as to the
Common Terminology, Methods and Laboratory Practices.
particle size range for which it
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:F 2651–08 Designation: F 2651 – 08a
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Soils and Turfgrass Terms of Natural Surfaces for Sports
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology defines soils and turfgrass related terms for use in the development of standards for sports and natural
playing surfaces. This standard includes soils and related agronomic terms that pertain to natural surfaces used for sports and may
include those surfaces supporting the growth of turfgrass or unvegetated (bare) playing surfaces that are constructed with natural
materials.
1.2 The terms defined in this terminology standard are appropriate for use by sports field development professionals, owners
and institutions, installers and contractors and other practitioners in matters concerning natural surfaces evaluations, test methods,
specifications, maintenance and construction.
2. Terminology
aeration, n—condition and sum of all processes affecting soil pore-space gaseous composition, particularly with respect to the
amount and availability of oxygen for use by soil biota or soil chemical oxidation reactions, or both.
aeration, v—practice to mechanically restore a soil to a condition where gas and water permeability rates are improved and bulk
density is lowered (decompaction) by the use of devices (spikes, cores, tines, air-jets, water-jets) which penetrate into the soil
profile. See also aerification, soil and cultivation, turf.
aerification, soil, n—mechanical process to relieve soil compaction. This term is often used synonymously with aeration, v (that
is, mechanical aeration). See also aeration, v.
–3
bulk density, n—massofdrysoilperunitbulkvolume.ThevalueisexpressedasMgpercubicmetre(Mgm )orgrampercubic
–3
centimetre (g cm ).
clay, n—can be defined in terms of a particular size fraction of a soil, a soil textural class, a soil particle size class, a soil textural
group, soil mineralogy, or, in engineering terms, as materials that exhibit plastic soil properties when at appropriate water
contents.
DISCUSSION—Ideally, the term “clay” should be appropriately defined when used to describe soils or materials for rootzones. For example, a 90 %
sand/10 % clay mixture could imply either 90 % sand/10 % clayey soil (or other soils with textures containing enough clay (<0.002 mm) to exhibit
plasticity) or 90 % sand (2 to 0.05 mm)/10 % clay (<0.002 mm).
clay, as a particular size fraction of a soil, n—soil separate consisting of particles <0.002 mm (fine earth fraction) in equivalent
diameter.
clay, as a textural class, n—soil material that contains 40 % or more clay, <45 % sand, and <40 % silt.
clay, as a soil particle size class, n—soil material that contains 35 % or more clay (clayey soils).
clay, as a soil textural group, n—soilmaterialthatfallswithinthetexturalclassesof“sandyclay,”“siltyclay,”and“clay(clayey
soils).”
clay, in terms of mineralogy, n—soil particulates that are commonly occurring but not restricted to the <0.002 mm fraction (clay
minerals). Commonly occurring in soil mineralogy classes as smectitic, kaolinitic, illitic (micaceous), gibbsitic, ferritic, or
mixed.
DISCUSSION—Soil mineralogy classes are defined predominantly by the type of soil mineral dominating (40 % or more) the fine earth fraction.
clay, in engineering terms, n—soils containing enough soil material in the less than 0.4 mm fractions such that when moist they
exhibit consistence characteristics of “moderately plastic” or “very plastic” forming a roll 4 cm or longer and 4 mm or thinner
that supports its own weight.
coefficient of uniformity, CU , irrigation , n—measure of the efficiency of irrigation application (expressed as a percent) which
Irr
was originally described by J.E. Christiansen.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.80 on
Common Terminology, Methods and Laboratory Practices.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F 2651 – 08.
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