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ASTM D8490-23

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Opening Size of Circular Knit Geotextiles Using an Optical Method

Standard Test Method for Determining the Opening Size of Circular Knit Geotextiles Using an Optical Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significant opening size of geotextiles is usually determined using Test Method D4751, which involves sieving calibrated beads through specimens of the geotextile being evaluated. However, Test Method D4751 includes many risks of errors due to static electricity, precision of the glass beads, among other issues.5 This risk of error is even higher with knitted geotextiles which exhibit a very low tensile modulus. This test method is proposed as an alternate to Test Method D4751 using a nondestructive technique, where the stress conditions are controlled without manipulation of the specimen.  
5.2 This test method has been found to provide representative results for products exhibiting a planar structure, such as two-dimensional knits.  
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using ASTM D4751 Method A and this method, ASTM D4751 Method A shall be considered the referee method. However, data obtained using ASTM D4751 Method A should be reviewed considering the high risk of human error associated with the control of the stress condition of the geotextile.  
5.4 Equivalency with the other pore opening size determined using other standards (for example, ISO 12956 and CGSB 148.1 No. 10) can also be considered using adequate correlations with test results obtained with these standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Image Opening Size (IOS) of a geotextile by image analysis.  
1.2 This test method shows values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2023
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.03 - Permeability and Filtration
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D8490-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Opening Size of Circular Knit Geotextiles Using an Optical MethodASTM D8490-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Opening Size of Circular Knit Geotextiles Using an Optical Method
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ASTM D8490-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Opening Size of Circular Knit Geotextiles Using an Optical Method
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D8490 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Opening Size of Circular Knit Geotextiles
1
Using an Optical Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8490; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Other Standards:
ISO 12956 Geotextiles and Geotextile-Related Products—
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Image
3
Determination of the Characteristic Opening Size
Opening Size (IOS) of a geotextile by image analysis.
CGSB 148.1 No. 10 Methods of Testing Geosynthetics
4
Geotextiles—Filtration Opening Size
1.2 This test method shows values in both SI units and
inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for
3. Terminology
the system of metric units known as the International System of
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of other textile terms used
Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the
customary units used in the United States. The values in in this test method, refer to Terminology D123. For definitions
of other terms relating to geosynthetics used in this test
inch-pound units are provided for information only.
method, refer to Terminology D4439.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 circular knit, n—a structure produced by interlooping
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
one or more ends of yarn or comparable material in a
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
continuously circular orientation around the fabric.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.2 ellipse diameter, n—measured from the “best-fit” el-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- lipse fitting inside a given opening.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The minimum and maximum ellipse
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- diameter are the smallest and largest diameter of the ellipse
fitting the inside of an opening when varying the axis of the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ellipse in the plane of observation.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.3 Feret diameter, n—distance between two parallel lines
2. Referenced Documents
tangent to the silhouette of the opening.
2 3.2.3.1 Discussion—The minimum and maximum Feret di-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ameter are the smallest and largest distance between two
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
parallel lines tangent to the opening’s silhouette when varying
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
the angle of these lines in the plane of observation.
Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
3.2.4 image opening size (IOS), n—for a knitted geotextile,
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
a property that indicates the size of a soil particle which can be
D4751 Test Methods for Determining Apparent Opening
effectively expected to pass through the geotextile.
Size of a Geotextile
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
3.2.5 opening, n—surface with an irregular shape, through
Sieves
which the light can pass.
4. Summary of Test Method
1
4.1 For circular knit geotextiles, a specimen is placed in a
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme- frame where its circumference will be controlled to reflect the
ability and Filtration.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2023. Published February 2023. DOI: 10.1520/
3
D8490-23. Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB), 11 Laurier St.,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Phase III, Place du Portage, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0S5, Canada, http://www.tpsgc-
the ASTM website. pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8490 − 23
outside diameter of the pipe on which it will be installed. A referee method. However, data obtained using ASTM D4751
stress is applied in the l
...

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4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
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1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
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5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM D7106/D7106M-05(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard provides guidance to obtain data that is the most representative of the material’s characteristics and performance. To properly evaluate EPDM, tests should be performed in accordance with specific test methods and procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) geomembranes used in geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications.  
1.2 This guide includes test methods for three different types of EPDM geomembranes including: scrim-reinforced membranes, composite membranes, and smooth, nonreinforced membranes.  
1.3 The test methods are divided into three categories including manufacturing quality control, optional performance tests, and seam testing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off